[acb-diabetics] many articles

[Patricia LaFrance-Wolf]

1.%% M 8/19/11  Vildagliptin as an Add-on Agent in T2   HbA1C was reduced in
70% of pts.  Conclusions -This observational audit provides real-life
evidence to suggest that vildagliptin [galvus] reduces HbA1C levels when
added to other oral anti-diabetic pills to provide dual, triple & quadruple
combo. Rx. Vildagliptin was weight neutral & well tolerated when added to
other oral anti- DM meds.  

 

2.%% M 8/31/11 Benefits of modest weight loss...T2  [5145pts;37%
ethnic/racial minorities] Conclusions: Modest weight losses of 5 to 10% were
associated with significant improvements in CVD risk factors at 1 year, but
larger weight losses had greater benefits.

 

3.%% M 8/31/11 Tepilazumid for T1   Small studies have suggested that short
treatments with anti-CD3 monoclonal antibodies ..in pts with recent-onset
T1.[763pt;2yrs].. future studies of immuno-therapeutic intervention with
teplizumab might have increased success if they target pts early after
diagnosis of T1.  Funding includes Juvenile DM Research Found, and Eli
Lilly.

 

4.%% NIH Digest 8/31/11 Uterine Stem Cells [SC] Used to Treat DM in Mice
Scientists have converted SC from the human endometrium [E] the lining of
the uterus into insulin-making cells & transplanted them into mice to
control their DM. E is a source of adult stem cells. these cells generate
uterine tissue each month as part of the menstrual cycle. If this therapy is
perfected, women with DM could provide their own E tissue for such a
transplant, avoiding the chance of rejection posed by tissue from another
person. The authors note that such a Rx would be more useful for people with
T1, where no insulin is produced than in T2, in which cells have difficulty
using the insulin that is available. If warehoused in a tissue
bank..compatible tissue would be available to women without a uterus & for
men. 

 

5.%% ADA a link between T2 in men & increased risk of bowel cancer, [1300
pts;17yr fup] findings -men age 55 - 84 with T2 were 87% more likely than
the general population to develop bowel cancer. Author said "It might be
that the risk factors for the 2 conditions, including obesity, are the same
& that they develop independently of each other or it may be that factors
associated with DM trigger bowel cancer,-- fecal occult blood testing every
1-2years should be considered for men with T2 aged +55.

 

 

6.%% MTD 8/31/11 Sweat Meter to warn Patients Of Dangerously Low Blood Sugar
[BS] Some DM pts receive no warning before they pass out from low
BS.[hypoglycemia]. Symptoms may include palpitations, sweating, tingling
feeling in your face, altered sensory experiences and intense hunger. After
many years with DM some pts  lose these warnings. It is known that DM pts
change their sweat pattern when their BS levels are too low. A sweat meter
being developed at U.Oslo can send an alert - via a mobile phone before a pt
suffers an attack. All you need to do is paste an electrode on your skin,"
says author...

 

7.%% Oph 118 Sep 2011 Phase 2 Primary Results of VEGF Trap-Eye in pts with
Diabetic Macular Edema (DME) [221pts] random, double- masked, clinical
trial. Conclusions- Intravitreal VEGF Trap-Eye produced a statistically
significant & clinically relevant improvement in visual acuity when compared
with macular laser photocoagulation in patients with DME.

 

8.%% 9/6/11 new On-line Course for Managing Diabetes  Caring for DM is a
24/7 challenge. Add the complication of low vision or no vision to the mix &
you go from being independent in your DM self-managing to daily dependence
on others. With private foundation funding, The Carroll Center for the Blind
is now offering 2 web-based interactive courses: Diabetes & Visual
Impairment: A New View for Professionals;& Diabetes & Visual Impairment: A
New View for Patients & Families.The curriculum was developed by Margaret E.
Cleary, RN, MS, CVRT®, who has over 30yrs of experience as a rehab nurse, DM
educator & certified vision therapist.. Moodle, a software platform provides
the sighted reader with complete & easily-accessed materials while allowing
the visually impaired student easy access through his/her own adaptive
technology.  For more info, or to register, please call Brian Charlson at
617-969-6200 ext. 224.

 

9.%% ADA 9/6/11 Healthy lifestyle lowers risk of Diabetes   Scientists

found that even when people had a family history of DM or were overweight,
they were less likely to get DM if they were healthy in other ways.
[200,000 pts;10yrs] Each healthy behavior listed in the study survey - such
as EX for at least 20min a day, 3x a week -- lowered a person's future DM
risk independent of the other lifestyle components. Even though heavy people
were still better off if they were healthy in other ways, the team said
weight was the most important factor in predicting who got DM.

 

10.%% MP 9/7/11 Metformin [MET] just as effective as other medications for
treating T2   When lifestyle changes, such as diet & EX, are not enough, pts
with T2 often take 1 or more drugs to control their disease. Currently there
are no fewer than 11 different classes of DM meds.  A recent major
evidence-based review [166reports] found that the older DM drug MET is just
as good, if not better, than newer classes. In addition, any 2-drug
combination produces similar DM control, but with different adverse events.
Most of the DM meds used alone in the reviewed studies lowered HbA1c by
about 1%. MET did better than several other classes by not increasing body
weight & by lowering LDL-cholesterol. MET had a better safety profile in
terms of risk for low BS. For example, sulfonylureas had a fourfold higher
risk for mild or moderate hypo compared with MET. Increased risks for
congestive heart failure & bone fractures were seen for thiazolid-inediones.
Agency for Healthcare Research &Quality.

 

11.%% M 8/31/11 Role of Parenting Style in Achieving Metabolic Control in
Adolescents With T1.  Parents of 100 adolescents with T1 completed
assessments of their parenting style. Conclusions—An authoritative
nonhelpless parenting style is associated with better DM control in
adolescents. Paternal involvement is important in adolescent DM management.

 

12. %% MTD 9/5/11 Crippling Condition Associated With Diabetes Is Often
Misdiagnosed & Misunderstood - Charcot foot, is a form of localized
osteoporosis linked to DM that causes the bones to soften and break, often
resulting in amputation. A new article in Diabetes Care Sep 2011 describes
Charcot foot & its treatment with a goal of educating medical professionals
about this painful inflammation of the foot. The "Even though it was first
described in 1883, diagnosis & successful treatment of Charcot foot continue
to be a challenge because this syndrome is not widely known or understood by
the broader medical profession, said author. Charcot foot is now considered
to be an inflammatory syndrome most often seen in pts with DM which can be
successfully treated in its early stages."

 

13.%% EASD In Diabetes, Fatty Food Leads to "Leaky Gut"   A high-fat meal in
people with T2 & impaired glucose tolerance appears to

trigger the passage of bacterial endotoxins through the intestinal wall,
adding to the load of inflammatory cytokines that have already been
implicated in the disease, [54pts] Research confirms that DM, obesity, & CVD
all have an element of systemic inflammation. Author said this inflammatory
insult could arise, in part, from a compromised gut mucosa that allows
bacterial endotoxins to enter the circulation and initiate a systemic
inflammatory response.

 

14.%% NatMed 9/8/11 Pathway to DM through reduction of pancreatic beta cell
production & transport of glucose. A team reports a combo of molecular
events in human & mouse pancreatic beta cells, caused by elevated levels of
free fatty acids or by a high-fat diet with obesity, that leads to T2.  The
resulting deficit of GnT-4a in beta cells produced signs of metabolic
disease, including high BS, impaired glucose tolerance, elevated insulin
production, & decreased insulin action in muscle & fat tissues. This process
was active in human islet cells obtained from donors with T2 thus,
illuminating a pathway to disease implicated in the diet &
obesity-associated component of T2.

 

15.%% MTD 9/6/11 Inflammation In Diabetes May Be Part Of The Solution, Not
The Problem   Increased low-grade inflam.. in the body due to obesity is
widely viewed as contributing to T2. New research reports that 2 proteins
activated by inflammation are actually crucial for maintaining good blood
sugar levels - & that boosting the activity of these proteins can normalize
BS in severely obese & DM mice.  This team previously showed that obesity
places stress on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), a structure in the cell
where proteins are assembled, folded & dispatched to do jobs for the cell.
This so-called "ER stress" impairs the body's ability to maintain
appropriate BS levels, & is a key link between obesity & T2. Earlier this
year, they showed that activating XBP1s artificially in the liver normalized
high BS in obese, insulin-resistant T2 mice (& in lean, T1 mice). The new
study shows that a second protein triggered by inflam.. signals, p38MAPK is
involved. the findings suggest that either increasing p38MAPK or XBP-1
activity could represent new therapeutic options for DM. The study also
suggests a new model for understanding T2 in which obesity may interfere
with the ability to respond to inflammatory signals.

 

16.%%  EASD 9/15/11 Postprandial Glucose Predicts CV Risk in T2  [505
pts;14yr] HbA1c & blood glucose levels after lunch, but not fasting blood
sugar, predicted both future cardiovascular events and all-cause deaths.

 

17.%% ADA 9/8/11 Researchers testing eye fluid for new way to measure blood
sugar levels   Diabetics know the drill.  Each finger prick tells them if
their BS levels are too high or too low.  A team at Mayo Clinic has been
working on a way that could one day make BS monitoring easier for pts -- by
using tear fluid. The idea is that pts would put the device on the white
part of the eye (conjunctiva.) You get a small volume tears in a few
seconds.  The fluid then travels to another region on the test card, where a
sensor reads BS levels. Studies show if it's done correctly, the tear fluid
reading is just as accurate as a BS reading. But there are some challenges.
The test has to be performed quickly & efficiently -- without letting the
tear sample evaporate. "So it's a lot easier to get samples from your eye,
but it's a lot harder to measure them," said a team member. Doctors hope to
have the device on the market in the next 3-5 years. 

 

18.%% M 9/9/11 Alcohol-Related Deaths Up in some With T1   Survival rates in
pts with early-onset T1 have improved in recent years, while  survival in
those with late-onset T1 has decreased since the 1980s. [17,306
pts;diag1970-99] There was an overall improvement in mortality rates over
time in the early-onset cohort. The reverse was true in the late-onset
group: It increased from 1.4 to 2.9 in the 1985 to 1989 group. The team
found that alcohol & drugs were common causes of mortality, especially in
the late-onset cohort The findings highlight "the importance of permanent &
long lasting patient doctor -nurse relationships, close supervision, &
guidance on the short & long term effects of alcohol in young people with
T1, especially in our alcohol permissive cultures," the authors write. BMJ
Sep 8, 2011.

 

19.%% ADA 9/13/11 T2 Agents Effective for T1 – Colesevelam and the
incretin-enhancing gliptins are drugs with established roots in the Rx  of
T2 but also with preliminary evidence of clinical benefit in T1.
Colesevelam (Welchol) is the only agent approved by FDA both for treatment
of dyslipidemia [abnormal blood fats] & for improving glycemic control in
T2. Colesevelam reduces LDL by binding bile acids in the intestine. It is
not widely prescribed, having been over-shadowed by the statins. But has
proved to be a safe, effective agent according to author. Clinical trials
indicate that colesevelam reduces LDL by 12%-16% while lowering HbA1C by
about 0.5% in T2. Data re this drug in T1 [40pt;12 wk] shows LDL levels in
the Rx group  dropped from 108 to 98.3 mg/dL. 3 incretin-enhancing gliptins
are on the market --sitagliptin(Januvia), saxagliptin (Onglyza), &
linagliptin (Tradjenta) They are once-daily oral drugs which lower HbA1c by
0.5%-1% without causing hypoglycemia.

 

20.%% M 9/13/11 Gentle yoga classes may help people with T2 take off a small
amount of weight & improve their glycemic control[123pts] those who added
yoga classes to standard DM care shed some pounds over 3 months. Meanwhile,
their average blood sugar levels held steady- in contrast to a non-yoga
control group, whose BS rose. ..yoga may curb oxidative stress because it
stimulates the para-sympathetic nervous system. The yoga used in this study
was a gentle form, In the real world, yoga classes vary widely. Some are
vigorous work-outs involving complicated poses that would not be appropriate
for older adults with chronic health conditions.

 

21.%% M 9/26/11 More Frequent Office Visits Lead to Faster Diabetes Control
— Patients with DM who visited their primary care physicians once every 1-2
wks were more likely to achieve clinical goals than those who visited less
frequently.Elevated levels of hemoglobin A1c, BP, and low-density
lipoprotein cholesterol level (LDL-C) are assoc. with greater risk for DM
complications, but most patients have not achieved target levels for these
factors. [retrospective cohort study 26,496 T2 pts] analysis revealed that
for every doubling of the time between physician visits, the median time to
achieving hemoglobin A1c targets increased, Similar trends were seen in BP &
LDL-C.  A randomized prospective study is needed to better understand
optimal visit frequency, 

 

22. %% MP 9/14/11 Abatacept in pts with recent-onset T1  A double- blind,
randomised, placebo-controlled trial.  The [development ] of T1 is
associated with T-cell autoimmunity. To be fully active, immune T cells need
a co-stimulatory signal in addition to the main signal. Abatacept has this
action & prevents full T-cell activation. [112 pts]  Interpretation: using
abatacept in recent-onset T1 pts slowed reduction in ß-cell function over 2
yrs. The beneficial effect suggests that T-cell activation still occurs
around the time of clinical diagnosis of T1...[see #24]

 

23.%% EASD  A new analysis of glucose management in T2 suggests that poor
glucose [BS] control is a strong predictor of heart failure. (HF)The
presenter noted HF is 2.5 times more common in DM pts  than in the general
population, but much of the focus of glucose- lowering has been on ischemic
heart disease [ie MI] despite the rising numbers of HF pts with DM
[83,000pts;7.2yr] Adjusted analyses found an HbA1c level of 10% or greater
was assocwith more than a two-fold risk of HF hospitalization,  compared to
pts with a HbA1c level <6%. Those with HbA1c in the range of 6% to 7% to 8%,
however, were not statistically more likely than patients with levels <6% to
develop HF.

 

24.%% Nature Endo Oct 2011 Type 1 DM—a door opening to a real therapy?
Abstract - T1 is an autoimmune disease caused by selective destruction of
insulin-secreting ß cells by autoreactive CD4+ & CD8+ T lymphocytes.
Presently, management of the disease consists of the chronic adm of
insulin—a replacement therapy which, in spite of major improvements in its
use, does not satisfactorily prevent degenerative complications in the long
term. To read this article.. [see # 22]

 

25. %% Nat Endo Oct 2011 RAGE—a biomarker for CHD in T2DM?

Abstract - High levels of 2 isoforms of RAGE (receptor for advanced
glycation end products) are associated with an increased risk of  coronary
heart disease (CHD) in pts with T2 reveals new data of a nested case–control
study. To read this article in full ..

 

26.%%MTD 9/15/11Newly Identified Protein Required For Glucose Uptake   All
cells need glucose (sugar) [BS] to produce the energy they need to survive.
High BS In the bloodstream (such as after a meal), trigger the pancreas to
produce insulin. In turn, muscle & fat cells respond to insulin by moving
GLUT4, a glucose transporter, from storage out to the cell surface. There,
GLUT4 can take up the glucose the cell needs from the bloodstream. Now, a
new study identifies the protein - CDP138 - responsible for ensuring that
GLUT4 is properly inserted in the cellular membrane. These results provide a
new understanding of glucose metabolism - an important finding considering
that impaired insulin action & glucose metabolism contribute to the
development of T2.  Lab studies suggest that mice engineered to be obese
have lower CD138 levels than normal mice. It remains to be seen whether this
is the case in humans & whether CD138's correlation with obesity  is a cause
of obesity or an effect - or simply a correlation.,

    

27.%% EASD 9/13/11 High-Protein Diet Raises T2 Risk   [27140 pt T2] the team
found a 37% increased risk for T2 associated with the highest quintile
[fifth of grp] of protein intake...In men, high carbo.  intake tended to be
protective," reducing the risk for T2 by about 23%. There was no significant
effect of carbohydrate intake for women.  In summary, presenter said a
protective association exists with a high intake of fiber-rich breads &
cereals. Although high protein intake has been shown to be effective for
short-term weight loss and glycemic control, it is associated with an
increased risk for T2.  she said, it is too early to make dietary
recommendations on the basis of observed associations. limitation of the
study is its retrospective nature & its dependence on diary data derived
from self-reports. In the future, we will probably "need various diets for
various genetic backgrounds, but we will have to be able to define it
somehow," 

 

28.%% EASD Islet Autoantibody Testing Averts Ketoacidosis in Children -
Regular screening for islet autoantibodies in children at high risk for T1
can prevent DM ketoacidosis(DKA) & other morbidities associated with the
onset of the disease. DKA, which affects 10% to 70% of children at the time
T1 is diagnosed, is a life-threatening condition. [2542 pt;17yr fup] pts
were screened as newborns & found to have the human leukocyte antigen
(HLA)-DR & HLA-DQ genotypes assoc with T1  "DKA was present in 7% of reg
screening pts- & 37% of the community controls," Dr. Rewers said The median
HbA1c at diagnosis were 11.2% in community subjects &  6.6% in active study
participants.

 

29.%% EASD 9/16/11 High-Dose Insulin at 2 Sites Improves Glucose Control
For patients who are severely insulin-resistant and who have poorly
controlled T2, especially those who do not have access to U-500 insulin,
splitting the dose & injecting it into 2 symmetrical sites might provide
significantly better metabolic control & might increase patient
satisfaction. The presenter said this is probably the result of better
insulin absorption. [31pts random study] For pts requiring insulin doses
greater than 2 IU/kg [2.2lb] of body weight, simply increasing the dose
might not achieve adequate control of BS. In addition, insulin pens might
need to be refilled and injected a second time because of limited capacity.
no major hypoglycemic episodes occurred. Body weight remained stable in both
groups. Session chair agreed that giving insulin in 2 sites could be a good
way to improve control in patients with T2. It might also be safer than a
single-site injection because of more stable drug absorption, blood levels,
and consequently more stable blood glucose levels.

 

30.%% EASD Outpatient Test Discriminates MODY From T1 — A measure of the
postprandial ratio of urinary C-peptide to creatinine (UCPCR) can
distinguish maturity-onset DM of the young (MODY) from T1, allowing some
children who would otherwise be treated with insulin to receive oral
antidiabetic agents alone, Dr. Besser said the UCPCR test is 100% sensitive
for identifying MODY,and it may be useful even close to the time of
diagnosis. MODY, an autosomal dominant condition that alters beta-cell
function, is the most common monogenic [one gene] cause of DM & accounts for
1% to 3% of cases. Various genes have been implicated, & the HNF1A and HNF4A
forms are sensitive to treatment with sulfonylurea drugs, whereas the
glucokinase form is not. Onset is typically at ages younger than 25yrs
About 30% of pts are misdiagnosed as having T1DM and are therefore treated
with insulin.  Persistent insulin secretion occurs in MODY but not in T1.
Patients [UK] can do the test at home & drop the sample in the mail the next
morning. The study received no commercial funding.

 

31.%% MP 9/19/11 More Evidence Links Diabetes, Dementia  Findings point up
another reason to keep blood sugar levels in check. Team   says
[1017pt;11yr] 27% of those with DM developed dementia, compared to 20 % of
those with normal BS. Further, the study showed that pre-diabetes -- higher
than normal BS levels -- also raised the risk of dementia. Even having high
levels of sugar 2hrs after taking glucose was linked to dementia.. Another
expert noted that diabetes could be connected to dementia because it
contributes to vascular disease, disrupting the flow of oxygen to the brain
and other organs.

 

32.%% ADA 9/23/11 Maggots may help heal diabetes wounds   To allow difficult
DM wounds to heal, doctors remove infected or dead tissue with scalpels or
enzymes, a process they call debridement. But these tools often fail, say
researchers in Hawaii. "These problem pts  with DM really need better
treatments in order to salvage their limbs," [37pts with DM & poor
ciculation] 50-100 maggots applied in a mesh cage for 2 days; then replaced
with new ones . 21 pts had successful outcomes, defined as eradication of
infection, complete removal of dead tissue, formation of robust connective
tissue in the wound & more than three-quarters closure of the wound. "A lot
of pts might be somewhat wary of having live insects placed into their
wounds so we explain how it works and what possible problems might occur,"
Maggots secrete substances into the wounds that liquefy dead tissue and then
they ingest the material. The wounds are cleaned, & other substances
contained in the maggot secretions allow development of granulation tissue,
a type of connective tissue that forms during wound healing. "After this, we
go on to do further Rx with hydrogels, grafts of cell culture tissue etc.
Findings haven't yet been vetted by independent researchers.

 

33.%% M 9/27/11 Super-Tight Blood Sugar Control May Not Ease Mental Decline
in T2- Super-strict BS control actually appeared to increase study
participants' risk of death. While the study didn't confirm cognitive
advantages, many other health benefits are associated with well-controlled
BS, author said. [2,977 pts;55-80yrs at high risk for heart disease]
Intensive BS lowering meant reducing blood sugar to less than 6 % as
measured by an A1c test. The current standard is to maintain BS at between
7- 7.5 %. 614 pts also had an MRI to measure brain volume and took cognitive
ability tests at the beginning & end of the study. After about 39 months, no
difference in cognitive ability existed between the groups. pts in the
intensive care group had a significantly larger brain volume than patients
in the standard treatment group But, this didn't translate to better
thinking abilities. The part of the ACCORD trial involving intensive
lowering of BS was halted earlier than planned. increased risk of death, the
finding of no overall benefit on CV disease, problems caused by too-low
blood sugar and weight gain were all factors in stopping.

 

34.%% MV Voice 9/26/11 Local student's science project makes an impact on
study of disease  It's not everyday that progress is made in DM research,
let alone by a high school student. When St. Francis High School student
Shubha Raghvendra was recognized by the City Council last week for a
research project which has won her awards at county, state & international
science competitions, Mayor Jac Siegel couldn't pronounce the title of her
research paper: "Effects of Diabetes Mellitus on Vasculogenesis Capacities
of Mesenchymal Stem Cells."  Raghvendra, the 17-year-old daughter of two
computer engineers, owes her success not just to her knack for science, but
her social networking skills. For several years now, doctors and researchers
at Stanford have given her valuable guidance.  

Raghvendra has been competing in science fairs since she was in first grade.
In middle school she realized that science projects could have a greater
impact on the world, & it was about that time that she began looking for
some mentors in academia. She first contacted Dr. Geoff Gurtner, a Stanford
plastic surgeon & researcher "on the cutting edge" of regenerative medicine,
when she was 14. But because of university rules, Raghvendra had to wait
until she was 16 to start doing research on campus. Other mentors include
Dr. Jason Glotzbach and Dr. Michael Sorkin, both researchers at Stanford.
With their help, this year Raghvendra was able to demonstrate that DM hurts
the ability of certain bone marrow cells to heal wounds in the body, which
could contribute to complications, including heart attacks & strokes..
Someday her work could help in the treatment of diabetics, including five of
her uncles who suffer from the disease.

At the 2011 Intel International Science & Engineering Fair, which draws
students from 60 countries, Raghvendra topped the health and medical
sciences category. and placed third overall. The project won fourth place in
its category in the California state science fair and the grand prize for
medicine and health category in the Santa Clara Valley Science and
Engineering Fair. What's next for Raghvendra? She wants to be a doctor, and
as one might expect, she hopes to get into Stanford University.    Find this
article at:

www.mv-voice.com/news/show_story.php?story_id=4765

 

 

35.%% ADA 9/28/11.. people with diabetes have a somewhat increased risk of
colon cancer -- but the reasons for the connection, and what should be done
about it, remain unclear.  Combining the results of 14 international
studies, researchers found that overall, people with DM were 38 % more
likely to be diagnosed with colon cancer than those who were DM-free. There
was also a 20% increase in the risk of rectal cancer, though that appeared
to be confined to men.  The findings, do not prove that DM directly
contributes to colon cancer in some people. In most of the studies, the
teams adjusted for some factors that might explain the link -- like older
age, obesity & smoking -- and the diabetes-cancer connection remained.
However, there could still be other explanations.  "I think we can make the
statement that DM is is consistently associated with colorectal cancer," an
independent expert said. "The cause-and-effect aspect is a bit difficult to
consider since diabetes is such a complex disease," One theory is that
hormones are involved. People with diabetes tend to have high levels of the
BS-regulating hormone insulin, as well as related hormones called
insulin-like growth factors. Those hormones cause cells to grow & spread,
and that may include cancer cells. People with DM are not advised to get
colon cancer screening any more often,or at a younger age, than people
without diabetes, said study leader. Experts recommend that most people
start colon cancer screening at the age of 50, with any of several tests --
including stool tests that look for hidden blood, or invasive tests like
sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy. People with certain risk factors for colon
cancer -- like inflam bowel disease (Crohn's disease or colitis) or a strong
family history of the cancer -- are told to start screening earlier.
Diabetes is not currently considered one of those risk factors...

 

EASD European Assoc for Study of DM 47th Annual Meeting Sep 2011
%%Abbreviations & acronyms 

fup-follow up; pt - patients;  DM - diabetes Mellitus; T1DM - type 1
diabetes mellitus T2DM - type 2; DME - diabetic macular edema;DR - diabetic
retinopathy; BS - blood sugar or glucose level;HbA1C, glycated haemoglobin
A1C; BP - blood pressure; NV- neovascular-ization; CVD - cardiovascular
disease; CHD -coronary heart disease; MI -myocardial infarction/ heart
attack ; OCT - optical coherence tomography; BCVA - best corrected  visual
acuity ;ADA - Am Diab Ass ; M- Medscape Web MD; MP- Medline Abstract,
Medline Plus & Health Day; MTD- Med News Today;NEI - Nat Eye Institute;
Definitions via online Medical dictionaries.  Disclaimer, I am a BSN RN but
not a diabetic or diabetic educator. Reports are excerpted unless otherwise
noted. [translations, explanations by thl] This project is done as a
courtesy to the blind/visually impaired & diabetic communities. Dawn Wilcox
RN BSN Coordinator The Health Library at Vista Center; an affiliate of the
Stanford Hospital Health Library.   contact above e-mail or
thl at vistacenter.org     

 

 

 

 

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