Pedestrians Who Are Blind or Visually Impaired:
State Statutes, Penalties for Violations, and Excerpts from Driver Manuals
In addition to the penalty for violating the laws relevant to a blind pedestrian there may be penalties for additional charges for the driver--for example, reckless driving.
Alabama
State Law and Penalty:
(a) The driver of a vehicle approaching a totally or partially blind pedestrian who is carrying a cane predominantly white or metallic in color, with or without a red tip, or using a service animal, or an individual employed by an accredited school for training a service animal who provides notice through a sign or other method that he or she is training an animal as a service animal shall take all necessary precautions prescribed by law to avoid injury to the blind pedestrian or the trainer.
(b)(1) A service animal in training that is a dog shall wear a harness, collar, leash, cape, or backpack that identifies in writing that the dog is a service animal in training.
(2) Other service animals in training shall be identifiable by written identification as a service animal in training.
(3) The written identification for a service animal in training shall be visible and legible from a distance of at least 20 feet.
(c) Any driver who fails to take all necessary precautions shall be liable in damages for any injury caused to the pedestrian or the trainer.
https://tinyurl.com/Alabama-White-Cane-Laws
From the Driver’s Manual:
The law requires you to stop and give right of way at any intersection to a blind person carrying a white cane tipped with red and holding the cane with arm extended, or using a guide dog.
https://www.alea.gov/dps/driver-license/driver-license-manuals
Alaska
State Law:
(a) 13 AAC 02.190. Blind pedestrian devices and right-of-way.
(a) Every driver of a vehicle shall yield the right-of-way to a blind pedestrian carrying a visible white cane or accompanied by a guide dog.
(b) A person who is not legally blind may not use a white cane or a guide dog for the purpose of securing the right-of-way provided by this section.
https://www.akleg.gov/basis/aac.asp#13.02.180
From the Driver’s Manual:
Pedestrians using guide dogs or white canes with or without a red tip must be always given the right of way, regardless of the traffic signal or traffic situation. These pedestrians are partially or totally blind. Be especially careful when turning corners or backing up when these pedestrians are in your vicinity. Here are some suggestions for helping pedestrians who are blind:
A blind pedestrian uses the sound of your engine as a guide, so drive up to the crosswalk to allow the person to hear you.
Important:
- Don’t stop in the middle of a crosswalk. This forces the blind pedestrian to go around your car and into traffic outside of the crosswalk.
- Don’t honk your horn at a blind person. The blind person has no idea who you are honking at and may be startled by the noise.
https://dmv.alaska.gov/media/t5ef5vi2/dlman.pdf
Arizona
State Law:
11-1024. Service animals; rights of individuals with disabilities; violation; classification; definitions.
I. The driver of a vehicle approaching a legally blind pedestrian who is carrying a cane that is predominately white or metallic in color, who is using a service animal or who is assisted by a sighted person shall yield the right-of-way and take reasonable precautions to avoid injury to the pedestrian and the service animal. The pedestrian has the same rights as any other person whether or not the pedestrian is carrying the cane, using a service animal or being assisted by a sighted person. Drivers shall take the same precautions with respect to pedestrians who have a disability other than blindness and their service animals. A driver who violates this subsection is liable for damages for any injury caused to the pedestrian or the service animal.
(https://azleg.gov/viewdocument; scroll down to letter I.)
Penalty:
J. Any person or entity that violates subsections A, H, or I of this section is guilty of a class 2 misdemeanor.
(https://azleg.gov/viewdocument; scroll down to letter J.)
Section 13-707. Sentence of imprisonment for misdemeanor
A. A sentence of imprisonment for a misdemeanor shall be a definite term to be served other than a place within custody of the state department of corrections. The court shall fix the term of imprisonment within the following maximum limitations:
2. For a class 2 misdemeanor, four months.
E. The court may, pursuant to this section, direct that the person sentenced shall not be released on any basis until the sentence imposed by the court has been served.
Section 13-802. Fines for misdemeanors
B. A sentence to pay a fine for a class 2 misdemeanor shall be a sentence to pay an amount, fixed by the court, not more than seven hundred fifty dollars.
E. A judgment that the defendant shall pay a fine, with or without the alternative of imprisonment, shall constitute a lien in like manner as a judgment for money rendered in a civil action.
https://www.azleg.gov/ars/13/00707.htm
https://www.azleg.gov/ars/13/00802.htm
From the Driver’s Manual:
There is nothing stated in the driver's manual.
Arkansas
State Law and Penalty:
74.06 - Blind Pedestrians
(A) All blind persons traveling along or across the streets of the city shall have the right-of-way over all other traffic on such streets, except at street intersections where traffic lights are maintained. To entitle such persons to the right-of-way, they shall carry a white cane with red tip, or a cane the color of which is predominantly white, or light, or a cane constructed of aluminum or other light-colored metal.
(B) All traffic on the streets shall yield the right-of-way to blind persons carrying a cane as described in subsection
(A) above, except at street intersections where traffic lights are maintained. Anyone failing to yield the right-of-way to such blind pedestrians shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and subject to a fine as set forth in
Section 74.99.20-14-306 Reasonable precautions by drivers.
The driver of a vehicle approaching a visually handicapped or hearing impaired person who is carrying a cane which is predominately white or metallic in color with or without a red tip or using a guide or hearing ear dog or the driver of a vehicle approaching an otherwise handicapped person shall take all reasonable precautions to avoid injury to the visually handicapped, hearing impaired, or other physically handicapped pedestrian.
https://library.municode.com/ar/fayetteville/codes/code_of_ordinances?nodeId=CD_ORD_TITVIITRCO_CH74PE#:~:text=74.06%20-%20Blind%20Pedestrians&text=To%20entitle%20such%20persons%20to,or%20other%20light-colored%20metal
From the Driver’s Manual:
Intersection- Right of Way
Pedestrians carrying a white cane or using a guide dog must be given absolute right of way. Do not use your horn as it could confuse or frighten a blind pedestrian. https://www.dps.arkansas.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/ARKANSAS_DRIVER_LICENSE_manual_revision_Corrected.pdf
California
State Law and Penalty:
Visually Handicapped Pedestrian
Vehicle Code 21963. A totally or partially blind pedestrian who is carrying a predominantly white cane (with or without a red tip), or using a guide dog, shall have the right-of-way, and the driver of any vehicle approaching this pedestrian, who fails to yield the right-of-way, or to take all reasonably necessary precautions to avoid injury to this blind pedestrian, is guilty of a misdemeanor, punishable by imprisonment in the county jail not exceeding six months, or by a fine of not less than five hundred dollars ($500) nor more than one thousand dollars ($1,000), or both. This section shall not preclude prosecution under any other applicable provision of law.
(https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=VEH§ionNum=21963)
From the Driver’s Manual:
Pedestrians Who Are Blind
Pedestrians using guide dogs or white canes have the right-of-way at all times. These pedestrians are partially or totally blind. Be careful when you are turning or backing up. This is particularly important if you are driving a hybrid or electric vehicle because blind pedestrians rely on sound to know there is a vehicle nearby.
- Do not stop in the middle of a crosswalk. This could force a blind pedestrian to walk into traffic outside of the crosswalk.
- Do not honk your horn at a blind person.
- When a blind person pulls in their cane and steps away from the intersection, this gesture usually means you may go.
https://www.dmv.ca.gov/portal/handbook/california-driver-handbook/
Colorado
State Law:
Section 42-4-808. Drivers and pedestrians, other than persons in wheelchairs, to yield to persons with disabilities
(1) Any pedestrian, other than a person in a wheelchair, or any driver of a vehicle who approaches an individual who has an obviously apparent disability shall immediately come to a full stop and take such precautions before proceeding as are necessary to avoid an accident or injury to said individual. A disability shall be deemed to be obviously apparent if, by way of example and without limitation, the individual is using a mobility device, is assisted by a service animal, as defined in section 24-34-301, C.R.S., is being assisted by another person, or is walking with an obvious physical impairment. Any person who violates any provision of this section commits a class A traffic offense.
(2) The department has no authority to assess any points under section 42-2-127 to any pedestrian who is convicted of a violation of subsection (1) of this section.
(https://law.justia.com/codes/colorado/title-42/regulation-of-vehicles-and-traffic/article-4/part-8/section-42-4-808/)
Penalty:
Class A traffic infractions and Class B traffic infractions. Generally, the penalty range for the commission of Class A or Class B traffic infractions is a fine of $15 to $100, although higher penalties are specified for certain infractions.
Misdemeanor traffic offenses in Colorado are separated into Class 1 misdemeanor traffic offenses and Class 2 misdemeanor traffic offenses. Persons convicted of a Class 1 misdemeanor traffic offense are subject to a minimum sentence of 10 days in jail or a $300 fine, or both, and a maximum sentence of one year in jail or a $1,000 fine, or both. Persons convicted of a Class 2 misdemeanor traffic offense are subject to a minimum sentence of 10 days in jail or a $150 fine, or both, and a maximum sentence of 90 days in jail or a $300 fine, or both. Persons convicted of Class 1 or Class 2 misdemeanor traffic offenses must also pay restitution and may be sentenced to community service.
https://leg.colorado.gov/content/penalties-speeding-violations
From the Driver’s Manual:
When driving, you must always the right-of way to pedestrians. Be very watchful for children, seniors and people with disabilities. Do not assume that pedestrians can hear or see you and/or your vehicle or any visual or audible crossing signals as some pedestrians may be deaf, hard of hearing, deaf-blind or blind. Most blind or deaf-blind people are easily recognized by the white cane they carry and/or by their guide dog. Pedestrians have the right-of-way at all intersections and crosswalks. You must come to a complete stop and let the person pass safely.
https://dmv.colorado.gov/sites/dmv/files/documents/Driver_Handbook_2023.pdf
Connecticut
State Law:
Section 14-300. Crosswalks. Pedestrian-control signals. Regulation of pedestrians and motor vehicles at crosswalks. Pedestrians who are blind or have guide dogs.
(d) The operator of a motor vehicle who approaches or comes into the immediate vicinity of a pedestrian who is blind, as defined in subsection
(a) of section 1-1f, carrying a white cane or a white cane tipped with red, or a pedestrian being guided by a [guide dog] service animal, shall reduce speed or stop, if necessary, to yield the right-of-way to such pedestrian. No person, except one who is blind, shall carry or use on any street or highway, or in any other public place, a cane or walking stick which is white in color or white, tipped with red. For the purposes of this subsection, "service animal" has the same meaning as provided in section 22-345, as amended by this act.
https://cga.ct.gov/2024/act/Pa/pdf/2024PA-00018-R00HB-05288-PA.PDF
Penalty:
Section 14-300(f)
(b) Any person who violates any provision of subsection (a) of this section shall be fined four hundred fifty dollars for the first offense and, for each subsequent offense, not less than five hundred dollars nor more than one thousand dollars or imprisoned not more than thirty days, or both.
(https://www.cga.ct.gov/2021/pub/chap_249.htm#sec_14-300f)
From the Driver’s Manual:
White Canes and Guide Dogs. s. Blind or partially blind pedestrians may carry a white cane or use the assistance of a guide dog. You must give the right-of-way to a pedestrian with a guide dog or who is carrying a white cane, with or without a colored tip. Stop and stay stopped if the person is attempting to cross or is in the process of crossing the road. At regulated intersections, remain stopped until the pedestrian is out of the road, even if you have a green light.
Delaware
State Law:
Section 9503: Rules of the Road
The driver of a vehicle approaching a pedestrian who is totally or partially blind who is carrying a cane predominately white or metallic in color (with or without a red tip) or using a guide dog shall take all necessary precautions to avoid injury to such pedestrian who is blind, and any driver who fails to take such precautions shall be liable in damages for any injury caused to such pedestrian. A pedestrian who is totally or partially blind not carrying such a cane or using a guide dog in any of the places, accommodations or conveyances listed in Section 9502 shall have all of the rights and privileges conferred by law upon other persons and the failure of a pedestrian who is totally or partially blind to carry a cane or use a dog in any such places, accommodations or conveyances shall not be conclusively held to constitute nor be evidence of contributory negligence.
(https://tinyurl.com/Delaware-White-Cane-Laws) (Scroll to section 9504)
Penalty:
Section 9506. Violations.
Any person who violates this chapter shall, upon conviction for such offense in a Justice of the Peace Court, be fined $100 for every such violation.
https://codes.findlaw.com/de/title-16-health-and-safety/
From the Driver’s Manual:
Right-of-way: Pedestrians using a guide dog or carrying a white cane have absolute right-of-way. Do not use your horn as it could confuse or frighten the blind pedestrian.
Your Responsibility as a Driver: Drivers should be alert for individuals and must yield the right-of-way to pedestrians who are hearing impaired or have physical disabilities that require use of canes, crutches, walkers, guide dogs/service animals, wheelchairs, or motorized scooters. These individuals may have difficulty detecting oncoming traffic and may need extra time to cross the road. https://dmv.de.gov/forms/driver_serv_forms/pdfs/dr_frm_manual.pdf
District of Columbia
State Law:
Section 7-1004. Safety standards for drivers of motor vehicles.
The driver of a vehicle in the District of Columbia approaching a blind pedestrian who is carrying a cane predominantly white or metallic in color (with or without a red tip) or a deaf pedestrian, either of whom is using a dog guide shall take all necessary precautions to avoid injury to such blind or deaf pedestrian, and any driver who fails to take such precautions shall be liable in damages for any injury caused such pedestrian. A blind pedestrian in the District of Columbia not carrying such a cane or a deaf pedestrian, either of whom is not using a dog guide in any of the places, accommodations, or conveyances listed in Section 7-1001 and 7-1002 shall have all of the rights and privileges conferred by law on other persons, and the failure of such a blind pedestrian to carry such a cane or the failure of a blind or deaf pedestrian to use a dog guide in any such places, accommodations, or conveyances shall not be held to constitute nor be evidence of contributory negligence.
https://code.dccouncil.gov/us/dc/council/code/sections/7-1004
Penalty:
Section 7-1007 (a) Any person or the agent of any person in the District of Columbia who denies or interferes with admittance to or enjoyment of any of the places, accommodations, or conveyances listed in Section 7-1001 and 7-1002 or otherwise interferes with the rights of a blind person or person with another physical disability under Section 7-1001, Section 7-1002, Section 7-1005, or Section 7-1006 shall be imprisoned for not longer than 90 days, or fined not more than $300, or both.
https://code.dccouncil.gov/us/dc/council/code/sections/7-1007
From the Driver’s Manual:
Individuals with Disabilities
Driver should be especially alert for and yield the right-of-way to pedestrians who are deaf, or have physical disabilities that require the use of canes, crutches, walkers, guide dogs/service animals, wheelchairs, or motorized scooters. These individuals may have difficulty detecting oncoming traffic and may need extra time to cross the road. Drivers should exercise extreme care and be prepared to stop when approaching children or obviously confused or incapacitated individuals.
https://dmv.dc.gov/publication/dc-dmv-automobile-driver-manual
Florida
State Law:
316.1301
(2) Whenever a pedestrian is crossing, or attempting to cross, a public street or highway, guided by a dog guide or carrying in a raised or extended position a cane or walking stick which is white in color or white tipped with red, the driver of every vehicle approaching the intersection or place where the pedestrian is attempting to cross shall bring his or her vehicle to a full stop before arriving at such intersection or place of crossing and, before proceeding, shall take such precautions as may be necessary to avoid injuring such pedestrian. A person who is convicted of a violation of this subsection is guilty of a moving violation punishable as provided in chapter 318.
(3) Nothing contained in this section shall be construed to deprive any totally or partially blind or otherwise incapacitated person not carrying such a cane or walking stick, or not being guided by a dog, of the rights and privileges conferred by law upon pedestrians crossing streets or highways. The failure of any such person to carry a cane or walking stick or to be guided by a dog shall not be considered comparative negligence, nor shall such failure be admissible as evidence in the trial of any civil action with regard to negligence.
(https://www.flsenate.gov/Laws/Statutes/2024/0316.1301)
Penalty:
318.18 Amount of civil penalties
318.18 (d)(3)(a) Except as otherwise provided in this section, $60 for all moving violations not requiring a mandatory appearance.
(f) If a violation of s. 316.1301 or s. 316.1303(1) results in an injury to the pedestrian or damage to the property of the pedestrian, an additional fine of up to $250 shall be paid. This amount must be distributed pursuant to s. 318.21.
https://www.flsenate.gov/Laws/Statutes/2024/0318.18 (Scroll to section 318.18 (d)(3)(a) and (f))
From the Driver’s Manual:
Come to a complete stop, yield the right-of-way, and use extra caution when approaching:
- a visually impaired pedestrian who is carrying a white cane with a red tip or guided by a service animal;
- mobility-impaired persons (using a walker, crutch, or an orthopedic cane or wheelchair) and pedestrians using a guide dog or service animal; or
- children or any confused or incapacitated pedestrian.
Georgia
State Law:
40-6-94. Right of way of blind pedestrian
The driver of every vehicle shall yield the right of way to any blind pedestrian who is carrying a walking cane or stick white in color or white tipped with red or who is accompanied by a guide dog.
(https://tinyurl.com/Georgia-White-Cane-Laws).
Penalty:
375-3-3-.01 Penalties for Violations of Uniform Rules of the Road. Amended.
(1) The Department shall impose the following penalties upon receipt of a conviction of a violation of any of the listed offenses found within the Uniform Rules of the Road: Violation of 40-6-94 can yield 3 points against a driver’s license upon conviction in a court of law.
https://tinyurl.com/Georgia-Penalty-White-Cane
From the Driver’s Manual:
The driver of a vehicle shall stop and remain stopped to allow a pedestrian to cross the roadway within a crosswalk when approaching a blind person who is crossing a street or highway if he/she is carrying a white cane or being guided by a dog.
Blind Pedestrians: Pedestrians using guide dogs or white walking canes must be given the right of way at all times.
https://dds.georgia.gov/dds-forms-and-manuals/manuals
Hawaii
State Law:
Section 347-16 Canes, use in public places. No person, unless blind or visually handicapped and authorized by the department of human services so to do, shall carry or use on any street or highway, or in any other public place, an exposed cane or walking stick which is painted white in color or painted white tipped with red. [L 1947, c 35, Section 2; am L 1955, c 92, Section 1; RL 1955, Section109-24; am L 1959, c 246, Section10; am L 1963, c 193, Section 36; HRS Section 347-17]
(https://law.justia.com/codes/hawaii/title-20/chapter-347/section-347-16/)
Penalty:
Section 347-18. Penalty. Any person who violates section 347-16 or 347-17 shall be fined not more than $100 or imprisoned not more than six months, or both.
https://law.justia.com/codes/hawaii/title-20/chapter-347/section-347-18/
From the Driver’s Manual:
To reduce or eliminate your chances of becoming involved in Hawaii’s pedestrian accident statistics, put the following rules into practice when you DRIVE and when you WALK: Stop for all blind persons in the roadway (identified by a white cane or guide dog) regardless of the traffic signal indication or traffic situation.
https://hidot.hawaii.gov/highways/files/2019/03/mvso-11272-Hawaii-Drivers-Manual-r3-LR-10-24-18.pdf
Idaho
State Law:
49-706. Pedestrian with a Disability has Right-of-way. The driver of a vehicle shall yield the right-of-way to any individual with a disability carrying a clearly visible white cane or accompanied by a service dog.
(https://legislature.idaho.gov/statutesrules/idstat/title49/t49ch7/sect49-706/)
Penalty:
18-113. Punishment for misdemeanor.
(1) Except in cases where a different punishment is prescribed in this code, every offense declared to be a misdemeanor, is punishable by imprisonment in a county jail not exceeding six (6) months, or by a fine not exceeding one thousand dollars ($1,000), or by both.
(2) In addition to any other punishment prescribed for misdemeanors in specific statutes of the Idaho Code, the court may also impose a fine of up to one thousand dollars ($1,000). This paragraph shall not apply if the specific misdemeanor statute provides for the imposition of a fine.
From the Driver’s Manual:
Motor vehicles must yield to pedestrians when:
The pedestrian is a blind person walking with a white cane or guide dog.
https://itd.idaho.gov/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/driver_manual.pdf
Illinois
State Law and Penalty:
Section 23-53 RIGHT-OF-WAY OF BLIND PERSONS.
(a) Any blind person who is carrying in a raised or extended position a cane or walking stick which is white in color or white tipped with red, or who is guided by a dog, shall have the right-of-way in crossing any street or highway, whether or not traffic on such street or highway is controlled by traffic signals, anything in this chapter to the contrary notwithstanding.
(b) The driver of every vehicle approaching the place where a blind person, so carrying such a cane or walking stick or being guided, is crossing a street or highway, shall bring his or her vehicle to a full stop and before proceeding shall take such precautions as may be necessary to avoid injury to the blind person.
(c) The provisions of this section shall not apply to a blind person who is not carrying such a cane or walking stick or guided by a guide dog when walking on streets, highways or sidewalks but such fact shall not be considered evidence of contributory negligence.
From the Driver’s Manual:
Pedestrians with Disabilities
When approaching a pedestrian with a disability who is utilizing a guide dog, a white cane, a wheelchair, or other assistive device on a sidewalk or roadway, the person with the disability has the right of way and is granted the same rights as any pedestrian.
https://www.ilsos.gov/publications/pdf_publications/dsd_a112.pdf
Indiana
State Law:
IC 9-21-17-21
Blind pedestrians; yield of right-of-way
Sec. 21. A person who drives a vehicle shall yield the right-of-way to a blind pedestrian carrying a clearly visible white cane or accompanied by a guide dog.
(https://iga.in.gov/laws/2024/ic/titles/9#9-21-17-21 scroll down to IC 9-21-17-21)
Penalty:
IC 9-21-17-24 Violations; Class C infraction
Section 24. A person who violates this chapter commits a Class C infraction. (c) Except as provided in subsection (f), a judgment of up to five hundred dollars ($500) may be entered for a violation constituting a Class C infraction.
https://codes.findlaw.com/in/title-34-civil-law-and-procedure/in-code-sect-34-28-5-4/
From the Driver’s Manual:
Visually Impaired Pedestrians
Traveling aids for a person who is visually impaired are often a white cane or a trained guide dog. Independent travel for people with visual disabilities involves some risk that can be greatly reduced when drivers are aware of the use and meaning of a white cane or guide dog. Drivers must always yield the right of way to persons who are visually impaired.
https://www.in.gov/bmv/licenses-permits-ids/files/drivers-manual.pdf
Iowa
State Law:
321.333 Duty of drivers
Any driver of a vehicle or operator of a motor-driven vehicle who approaches or comes in contact with a person wholly or partially blind carrying a cane or walking stick white in color or white tipped with red, or being led by a guide dog wearing a harness and walking on either side of or slightly in front of said blind person, shall immediately come to a complete stop, and take such precautions as may be necessary to avoid accident or injury to the person carrying a cane or walking stick white in color or white tipped with red or being led by a guide dog. [C46, 50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, Section321.333] (https://www.legis.iowa.gov/docs/code/321.333.pdf)
Penalty:
321.334 Penalties
A person shall be fined not less than one dollar nor more than one hundred dollars for each offense, if the person does any of the following:
1. Carries a cane or walking stick such as is prescribed in section 321.332, but contrary to the provisions of this chapter.
2. Fails to heed the approach of a person lawfully carrying a cane or walking stick that is white in color or white tipped with red, or who is being led by a guide dog.
3. Fails to immediately come to a complete stop and take such precautions against accident or injury to a person described in subsection 2.
[C46, 50, 54, 58, 62, 66, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, Section 321.334]
https://www.legis.iowa.gov/docs/ico/chapter/321.pdf
From the Driver’s Manual:
2.21 Sight-Impaired Pedestrians
If your vehicle is approaching a person being led by a harnessed service animal, walking with a cane that is white or white with a red tip, the person is likely visually impaired. Use extra caution to prevent injury to that person.
4.41 Braking and Stopping- Required Stops
You must always stop: When a visually impaired person with a cane (often white or red-tipped) or guide dog is walking in front of you or close enough to you that the person could be in danger.
https://iowadot.gov/mvd/driverslicense/dlmanual/dlmanual.pdf
Kansas
State Law:
Statute 39-1106: Same; name and citation of act. This act shall be known and may be cited as the Kansas white cane law. .
(https://tinyurl.com/Kansas-White-Cane-Laws)
From the Driver’s Manual:
Section 6- Rules of the Road
The following right-of-way rules apply at intersections: Pedestrians using a guide dog or carrying a white cane must be given the right-of-way always. Do not use your horn as it could confuse or frighten the visually impaired pedestrian or guide dog.
Section 9- Sharing the Road
As a driver: You must always yield the right-of-way to persons who are visually impaired. When a pedestrian is crossing a street guided by a dog or carrying a white cane, you must come to a complete stop
https://www.ksrevenue.gov/pdf/dlhb.pdf
Kentucky
State Law:
189.575 Yielding right-of-way to blind pedestrians.
The operator of a vehicle shall yield the right-of-way to any blind pedestrian carrying a clearly visible white cane or accompanied by an assistance dog.
(https://casetext.com/statute/kentucky-revised-statutes/title-16-motor-vehicles/chapter-189-traffic-regulations-vehicle-equipment-and-storage/general-provisions/section-189575-yielding-right-of-way-to-blind-pedestrian)
From the Driver’s Manual (includes Penalty):
Blind Pedestrian Right-of-way
Kentucky law requires operators of a vehicle to yield the right-of-way to a blind pedestrian carrying a clearly visible white cane or accompanied by an assistance dog. Failure to yield the right-of-way to a blind pedestrian is a violation that could result in a fine up to two hundred fifty dollars ($250). When approaching a crosswalk, drivers should be observant for pedestrians. Drivers should pay particular attention to any pedestrians using a white cane or guide dog. Below are some suggestions for helping pedestrians who are blind.
- At a stop light or sign, do not stop your vehicle more than five (5) feet from the crosswalk, unless there is an advanced stop bar (line). A blind pedestrian uses the sound of your vehicle as a guide, so drive up to the crosswalk to allow the person to hear you.
- Drivers of electric and hybrid vehicles must be extra alert to blind pedestrians, as they may be unaware of your presence due to the silent nature of these vehicles.
- Do not give the blind pedestrian verbal directions. The blind pedestrian listens to all traffic sounds before deciding to cross the street.
- Do not wait too long for the blind pedestrian to cross the street.
- If the person takes a step back and pulls in the cane that is a definite sign you should go.
- Do not stop in the middle of a crosswalk. This forces the blind pedestrian to go around your car and into traffic outside of the crosswalk.
- Do not honk your horn at a blind person. The blind person has no idea who you are honking at and may be startled by the noise.
https://drive.ky.gov/Drivers/Documents/Kentucky-Driver-Manual.pdf
Louisiana
State Law:
RS 32:217 Section 217. Blind and incapacitated pedestrians; use of canes; persons in wheelchairs; vehicles
- It is unlawful for any person, unless totally or partially blind or otherwise incapacitated, while on any public street or highway, to carry in a raised or extended position a cane or walking stick which is metallic or white in color or white tipped with red.
- Whenever a pedestrian guided by a guide dog, or carrying in a raised or extended position a cane or walking stick which is metallic or white in color, or white tipped with red, or a pedestrian who requires a wheelchair or motorized wheelchair for transportation is crossing or attempting to cross a public street or highway, at or near an intersection or crosswalk, the driver of every vehicle approaching the intersection or crosswalk shall take such precautions as may be necessary to avoid injuring or endangering such pedestrian, and if injury or danger to such pedestrian can be avoided only by bringing his vehicle to a full stop, he shall bring his vehicle to a full stop.
- Nothing contained in this Section shall be construed to deprive any totally or partially blind or otherwise incapacitated person, not carrying such a cane or walking stick or not being guided by a dog, of the rights and privileges conferred by law upon pedestrians crossing streets or highways, nor shall the failure of such totally or partially blind or otherwise incapacitated person to carry a cane or walking stick, or to be guided by a guide dog upon the streets, highways or sidewalks of this state, be held to constitute nor be evidence of contributory negligence.
Acts 1962, No. 310, Section1; Acts 2004, No. 242, Section 1.
(https://tinyurl.com/Louisiana-White-Cane-Laws.)
Penalty:
RS32:57 Section 57. Penalties; alternatives to citation
A. A.(1) Except as provided in Paragraph (2) of this Subsection, the first violation of the provisions of this Chapter or any regulation of the department, secretary, and commissioner made pursuant thereto shall be punished by a fine of not more than one hundred seventy-five dollars or by imprisonment for not more than thirty days, or both, unless otherwise specifically provided. A subsequent violation shall be punished by a fine of not more than five hundred dollars or by imprisonment for not more than ninety days, or both.
https://www.legis.la.gov/Legis/LawPrint.aspx?d=88472#:~:text=If%20a%20person%20operating%20a,twice%20the%20standard%20fine%20imposed.
From the Driver’s Manual:
There is nothing stated in the driver's manual.
Maine
State Law:
Title 17: Chapter 14, Subchapter 2, Section 1313: Motor vehicle drivers
The driver of a vehicle approaching a totally or partially blind or otherwise physically disabled pedestrian who is carrying a cane predominantly white or metallic in color, with or without a red tip, or using a service dog as defined in section 1312, subsection 7 shall take all necessary precautions to avoid injury to that blind or otherwise physically disabled pedestrian, and any driver who fails to take such precautions is liable in damages for any injury caused the pedestrian. A totally or partially blind or otherwise physically disabled pedestrian, not carrying such a cane or using a service dog in any of the places, accommodations or conveyances listed in section 1312, has all of the rights and privileges conferred by law upon other persons, and the failure of a totally or partially blind or otherwise physically disabled pedestrian to carry such a cane or to use a service dog in any such places, accommodations or conveyances may not be held to constitute nor be evidence of contributory negligence. [PL 2011, c. 369, Section 7 (AMD).]
https://legislature.maine.gov/statutes/17/title17sec1313.html
From the Driver’s Manual:
A person who is blind or visually impaired may use a white cane as a means for safe and independent travel. This person may also be led by a guide dog. In either case, this person always has the right of way. If you see anyone in the roadway with a white cane or guide dog, stop at least 10 feet away and wait until the person is out of danger. An operator who fails to yield the right-of-way to a visually impaired pedestrian is liable for a traffic infraction with a minimum $50 and maximum $1,000 fine.
Maryland
State Law:
Section 21-511. Blind, deaf or mobility impaired pedestrians
Driver of vehicle required to yield right-of-way to blind, deaf, or mobility impaired pedestrians.
a. The driver of a vehicle shall yield the right-of-way to:
1. A blind or partially blind pedestrian using a guide dog or carrying a cane
predominantly white or metallic in color (with or without a red tip);
2. A deaf or hearing-impaired pedestrian accompanied by a guide dog; or
3. A mobility impaired individual crossing a roadway while using any of the following
mobility-assisted devices:
i. A manual or motorized wheelchair;
ii. A motorized scooter;
iii. Crutches; or
iv. A cane.
Persons not blind or partially blind prohibited from using or carrying white cane
(b) A person who is not blind or partially blind may not use or carry a white cane, a cane that is white tipped with red, or a chrome, nickel, aluminum, or other reflecting or shining metal cane, in the manner described in subsection (a)(1) of this section.
(https://govt.westlaw.com/mdc/Document/N832B24709CE811DB9BCF9DAC28345A2A?viewType=FullText&originationContext=documenttoc&transitionType=CategoryPageItem&contextData=(sc.Default)#:~:text=(iv)%20A%20cane.&text=(b)%20A%20person%20who%20is,)(1)%20of%20this%20section.)
Penalty:
ii) A person who violates subparagraph (i) of this paragraph is guilty of a misdemeanor and on conviction is subject to a fine not exceeding $500 for each offense.
From the Driver’s Manual:
Section 7: Sharing the Road
Pedestrian Right-of-Way: Pedestrians have the right-of-way at street crossings but must obey traffic control signals. When there is no traffic signal, you must stop for pedestrians in a marked or unmarked crosswalk. Drivers should be especially alert for pedestrians who are deaf, blind or mobility impaired. They may have difficulty seeing or hearing traffic and may need extra time to cross the road.
https://mva.maryland.gov/Documents/DL-002.pdf
Massachusetts
State Law and Penalty:
14-90-14A Protection of blind pedestrians crossing or attempting to cross ways
Section 14A. Whenever a totally or partially blind pedestrian, guided by a guide dog or carrying in a raised or extended position a cane or walking stick which is white in color or white tipped with red, crosses or attempts to cross a way, the driver of every vehicle approaching the place where such pedestrian is crossing or attempting to cross shall bring his vehicle to a full stop, and before proceeding shall take such precautions as may be necessary to avoid injuring such pedestrian. A person who owns an animal shall restrain and control such animal on a leash when in proximity to a guide dog that is on a public or private way. Nothing contained in this section shall be construed to deprive any totally or partially blind person, not carrying such a cane or walking stick or not being guided by a dog, of the rights and privileges conferred by law upon pedestrians crossing ways, nor shall the failure of such blind person to carry a cane or walking stick or to be guided by a guide dog while on the ways of this commonwealth be held to constitute or be evidence of contributory negligence. Whoever violates any provision of this section shall be punished by a fine of no less than one hundred nor more than five hundred dollars. (https://www.malegislature.gov/Laws/GeneralLaws/PartI/TitleXIV/Chapter90/Section14A)
From the Driver’s Manual:
Pedestrians
Visually impaired (blind) individuals – Always stop for a blind pedestrian at a street crossing. Remain stopped until the person has safely crossed. Do not honk or wave the person on. Never pass another stopped vehicle. Blind pedestrians may use a white cane or a guide dog. The White Cane Law requires you to stop completely for a blind pedestrian crossing a street.
You must always yield to pedestrians who are in a roadway. Also note these rules concerning pedestrians:
Always yield to visually impaired (blind) people crossing a street. You must remain stopped until the person has safely crossed. Do not honk or wave the person on. Never pass another vehicle which is stopped. Blind pedestrians may use a white cane or a guide dog. The White Cane Law states that a driver must come to a complete stop when a blind pedestrian is crossing a street.
Michigan
State Law:
Use of Travel Aids by Blind Persons (Excerpt) Act 10 of 1937
752.52 Blind pedestrian carrying cane or using dog guide or walker; duty of driver; liability; failure to carry cane or use dog guide or walker; investigation of alleged violation; review of investigative report; informing blind pedestrian of decision.
Sec. 2.
(1) A driver of a vehicle shall not approach a crosswalk or any other pedestrian crossing without taking all necessary precautions to avoid accident or injury to a blind pedestrian carrying a cane or using a dog guide or walker.
(2) A driver who approaches a crosswalk or any other pedestrian crossing without taking all necessary precautions to avoid accident or injury to a blind pedestrian carrying a cane or using a dog guide or walker is liable in damages for any injuries caused the blind pedestrian. A blind pedestrian who does not carry a cane or use a dog guide or walker has all of the rights and privileges conferred upon any other pedestrian by the laws of this state. The failure of a blind pedestrian to carry a cane or use a dog guide or walker shall not be treated as evidence of negligence in a civil action for injury to the blind pedestrian or for the blind pedestrian's wrongful death.
(3) If a person alleges to a peace officer a violation of subsection (1), the peace officer shall investigate the alleged violation. The prosecuting attorney shall review the peace officer's investigative report to determine whether a violation of subsection (1) has occurred and whether to issue charges. Upon the request of the blind pedestrian and after reviewing the investigative report, a prosecuting attorney shall inform the blind pedestrian of his or her decision and the reason or reasons supporting that decision.
(https://www.legislature.mi.gov/Laws/MCL?objectName=mcl-752-52)
Penalty:
752.53 - Violation as misdemeanor; penalty
Sec. 3.
A person who violates section 2(1) is guilty of a misdemeanor, punishable by imprisonment for not more than 90 days, or by a fine of not more than $100.00, or both.
(https://www.legislature.mi.gov/Laws/MCL?objectName=mcl-752-53)
From the Driver’s Manual:
Chapter 6: Sharing the road
If a street does not have a sidewalk, pedestrians should face oncoming traffic if they choose to walk along the road’s edge. Keep an eye out for pedestrians on both sides of the road.
Make extra allowances for the elderly, the young and people with disabilities. They may require a little more time to cross a street.
You are required by law to stop or yield the right of way for a pedestrian with a white cane or guide dog. Avoid honking your horn or revving the engine; these noises are distracting and cover important audible cues used by people with visual impairments.
Minnesota
State Law:
169.202 BLIND PERSON CARRYING WHITE CANE.
Subdivision 1. Limitation on carrying. It shall be unlawful for any person to carry a white painted cane unless said person is a blind person.
Subd. 2.Blind pedestrians have right-of-way. Any person operating a motor vehicle in this state shall bring such motor vehicle to a stop and give the right-of-way at any intersection of any street, avenue, alley or other public highway to a blind pedestrian who is carrying a cane predominantly white or metallic in color, with or without red tip, or using a guide dog, when such blind person enters said intersection.
https://tinyurl.com/Minnesota-White-Cane-Laws
Penalty:
169.89 PENALTIES
Subdivision 1. Violation; when petty misdemeanor enhanced to misdemeanor. Unless otherwise declared in this chapter with respect to particular offenses, it is a petty misdemeanor for any person to do any act forbidden or fail to perform any act required by this chapter; except that:
(1) a violation which is committed in a manner or under circumstances so as to endanger or be likely to endanger any person or property; or
(2) exclusive of violations relating to the standing or parking of an unattended vehicle, a violation of any of the provisions of this chapter, classified therein as a petty misdemeanor, when preceded by two or more petty misdemeanor convictions within the immediate preceding 12-month period;
is a misdemeanor to which the provisions of subdivision 2 shall not apply.
SectionSubd. 2.Petty misdemeanor penalty; no jury trial. A person charged with a petty misdemeanor is not entitled to a jury trial but shall be tried by a judge without a jury. If convicted, the person is not subject to imprisonment but shall be punished by a fine of not more than $300.
https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/169.89
From the Driver’s Manual:
Watch for Pedestrians
Whether you are driving on busy city streets, in rural towns or on highways, stay alert for pedestrians. Yield the right-of-way to pedestrians crossing at intersections and crosswalks. Watch for pedestrians on roads where cars are parked, during times of poor visibility, and whenever children are present. If a pedestrian is in a marked or unmarked crosswalk, stop and wait until the pedestrian has passed your lane. Watch for blind pedestrians who may be carrying a white or metallic cane or using a guide dog. If a blind pedestrian is waiting at a crosswalk, do not use your horn or rev your engine as this may distract the pedestrian or guide dog. It is illegal to pass another vehicle that has stopped for a pedestrian. If another vehicle has stopped, look for pedestrians that are in the crosswalk and be prepared to stop. A violation of pedestrian right-of-way laws is a misdemeanor. A second violation of these laws within a year is a gross misdemeanor.
https://www.lrl.mn.gov/docs/2024/other/240807.pdf
Mississippi
State Law and Penalty:
MS Code SECTION 63-3-1111. Rights of blind and otherwise incapacitated pedestrians crossing at or near intersections or crosswalks; effect of failure to employ cane or guide dog; regulation of use of canes.
(1) Whenever a pedestrian is crossing or attempting to cross a public street or highway, at or near an intersection or crosswalk, guided by a guide dog or carrying in a raised or extended position a cane or walking stick which is metallic or white in color, or white tipped with red, the driver of every vehicle approaching in said intersection or crosswalk shall take such precautions as may be necessary to avoid injuring or endangering such pedestrian, and if injury or danger to such pedestrian can be avoided only by bringing his vehicle to a full stop, he shall bring his said vehicle to a full stop. The word "vehicle," when used in this section, does not include a train operated on railroad tracks.
(2) Nothing contained in this section shall be construed to deprive any totally or partially blind or otherwise incapacitated person, not carrying such a cane or walking stick or not being guided by a dog, of the rights and privileges conferred by law upon pedestrians crossing streets or highways. The failure of such totally or partially blind or otherwise incapacitated person to carry a cane or walking stick or to be guided by a guide dog upon the streets, highways or sidewalks of this state, shall not be held to constitute or be evidence of contributory negligence.
(3) It shall be unlawful for any person, unless totally or partially blind or otherwise incapacitated, while on any public street or highway, to carry in a raised or extended position a cane or walking stick which is metallic or white in color, or white tipped with red.
(4) The violation of any provision of this section shall be punishable by a fine of not more than Twenty-five Dollars ($25.00) or by imprisonment in the county jail for not more than ten (10) days.
(https://law.justia.com/codes/mississippi/title-63/chapter-3/article-23/section-63-3-1111/)
From the Driver’s Manual:
A person walking across the street within a crosswalk, whether the crosswalk is marked, ALWAYS HAS THE RIGHT-OF-WAY. As a driver you must be extremely careful around pedestrians. Always keep your vehicle under control and be prepared to yield to those on foot.
Yielding right-of-way to pedestrians: People who are blind or who have visual impairments can be vulnerable pedestrians. Be on the lookout for pedestrians carrying a white cane, which may have a red tip. Take every precaution and extend every courtesy to keep them safe at intersections and crosswalks. Come to a complete stop if necessary.
Missouri
State Law:
Chapter 304 Traffic Regulations
304.080. Handicapped persons with white cane or dog, driver to take all necessary precautions — cane or dog not required to enforce rights, when. — The driver of a vehicle approaching a person with a visual, aural or physical disability who is carrying a cane predominantly white or metallic in color, with or without a red tip, or using a guide dog, hearing dog or service dog shall yield to such pedestrian, and any driver who fails to take such precautions shall be liable in damages for any injury caused such pedestrian and any injury caused to the pedestrian's guide dog, hearing dog or service dog; provided that such a pedestrian not carrying such cane or using a guide dog, hearing dog or service dog in any of the places, accommodations or conveyances listed in section 209.150 shall have all of the rights and privileges conferred by law upon other persons.
https://tinyurl.com/Missouri-White-Cane-Laws
Penalty:
304.110. Violation of sections 304.080 to 304.110, penalty. — Any person who violates any provision of sections 304.080 to 304.110, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and upon conviction thereof be fined not exceeding twenty-five dollars and costs of prosecution, and in default of payment thereof, shall undergo imprisonment not exceeding ten days. https://revisor.mo.gov/main/OneSection.aspx?section=304.110&bid=16224&hl=
From the Driver’s Manual:
As a driver, you should know...
The following laws or rules also apply:
Drivers must always yield the right-of-way to persons who are blind. When a pedestrian is crossing a street or highway guided by a dog or carrying a white cane (or a white cane with a red tip), vehicles must come to a complete stop.
https://dor.mo.gov/forms/Driver%20Guide.pdf
Montana
State Law:
61-8-516. Operator of vehicle to yield to blind pedestrian. On a way of the state open to the public, the operator of a vehicle shall yield the right-of-way to a blind pedestrian who is carrying a visible white cane or who is accompanied by a guide dog.
http://data.opi.mt.gov/bills/mca/61/8/61-8-516.htm
Penalty:
1. Violation of chapter - penalty
(1) It is a misdemeanor for a person to violate any of the provisions of this chapter unless the violation is declared to be a felony.
(2) Each person convicted of a misdemeanor for a violation of any of the provisions of this chapter for which another penalty is not provided shall for a first conviction be punished by a fine of not less than $10 or more than $100. For a second conviction within 1 year after the first conviction, the person shall be punished by a fine of not less than $25 or more than $200. Upon a third or subsequent conviction within 1 year after the first conviction, the person shall be punished by a fine of not less than $50 or more than $500.
http://data.opi.mt.gov/bills/mca/61/8/61-8-711.htm
From the Driver’s Manual:
Blind people may carry a white cane or be led by a guide dog. Both Drivers and Pedestrians must take care to avoid crash or injury to blind or partially sighted people.
Drivers must come to a full STOP when a blind person approaches. Watch for guide dogs and white canes. Do not sound the horn. Stop ten feet away and wait until the person is off the road.
Nebraska
State Law:
20-128.
Pedestrian using cane or service animal; driver of vehicle; duties; violation; damages.
In addition to the provisions of sections 28-1313 and 28-1314, the driver of a vehicle approaching a pedestrian who is totally or partially blind and carrying a cane predominantly white or metallic in color or using a service animal or a pedestrian who is deaf or hard of hearing or a pedestrian with a disability who is using a service animal shall take all necessary precautions to avoid injury to such pedestrian, and any driver who fails to take such precautions shall be liable in damages for any injury caused such pedestrian. A pedestrian who is totally or partially blind and not carrying such a cane or using a service animal or a pedestrian who is deaf or hard of hearing or a pedestrian with a disability who is not using a service animal in any of the places, accommodations, or conveyances listed in section 20-127 shall have all of the rights and privileges conferred by law upon other persons, and the failure of a pedestrian who is totally or partially blind to carry such a cane or to use a service animal or of a pedestrian who is deaf or hard of hearing or of a pedestrian with a disability to use a service animal in any such places, accommodations, or conveyances does not constitute and is not evidence of contributory negligence.
https://nebraskalegislature.gov/laws/statutes.php?statute=20-128
Penalty:
Any person or agent of such person who denies or interferes with admittance to or enjoyment of the public facilities enumerated in section 20-127 or otherwise interferes with the rights of a person who is totally or partially blind, who is deaf or hard of hearing, or who has a disability under section 20-127 or sections 20-131.01 to 20-131.04 is guilty of a Class III misdemeanor.
https://nebraskalegislature.gov/laws/statutes.php?statute=20-129
From the Driver’s Manual:
4B-10 Right-of-way to pedestrians.
Yield to all pedestrians within crosswalks. Slow down and be ready to stop if needed.
Motorists should leave a safe distance of no less than three feet clearance to avoid colliding with any pedestrian upon any roadway.
6C: Pedestrians
Always give the right-of-way to a blind or visually impaired person (who is using a white cane or service dog) by stopping and remaining stopped until the person is clear of the roadway.
https://dmv.nebraska.gov/sites/dmv.nebraska.gov/files/doc/manuals/engdrivermanual.pdf
Nevada
State Law and Penalty:
NV Rev Stat Section 426.510 Right-of-way of person who is blind; penalty.
1. Except as otherwise provided in subsections 2, 3 and 4, a person shall not:
(a) Use a service animal; or
(b) Carry or use on any street or highway or in any other public place a cane or walking stick which is white or metallic in color, or white tipped with red.
2. A person who is blind may use a service animal and a cane or walking stick which is white or metallic in color, or white tipped with red.
3. A person who is deaf may use a service animal.
4. A person with a disability not described in subsection 2 or 3 may use a service animal.
5. Any pedestrian who approaches or encounters a person who is blind using a service animal or carrying a cane or walking stick, white or metallic in color, or white tipped with red, shall immediately come to a full stop and take such precautions before proceeding as may be necessary to avoid accident or injury to the person who is blind.
6. Any person other than a person who is blind who:
(a) Uses a service animal or carries a cane or walking stick such as is described in this section, contrary to the provisions of this section;
(b) Fails to heed the approach of a person using a service animal or carrying such a cane as is described by this section;
(c) Fails to come to a stop upon approaching or coming in contact with a person so using a service animal or so carrying such a cane or walking stick; or
(d) Fails to take precaution against accident or injury to such a person after coming to a stop as provided for in this section,
is guilty of a misdemeanor.
7. This section does not apply to any person who is instructing a person who is blind, person who is deaf or person with any other disability or training a service animal.
https://law.justia.com/codes/nevada/chapter-426/statute-426-510/#:~:text=Any%20pedestrian%20who%20approaches%20or,accident%20or%20injury%20to%20the
From the Driver’s Manual:
Pedestrian right-of-way: A person who is blind or visually impaired, on foot and using a guide dog or other service animal, or carrying a white cane or walking stick, has the right-of-way on a highway, street or road in this state. A driver must yield the right-of-way, come to a full stop if necessary, and take precautions before proceeding to avoid a crash or injury. NRS 484B.290
https://dmv.nv.gov/pdfforms/dlbook.pdf
New Hampshire
State Law and Penalty:
167-C:1 Policy – It is the policy of the state of New Hampshire to encourage and enable the blind, the visually disabled, and the otherwise physically disabled to participate fully in the social and economic life of the state and to engage in remunerative employment.
167-C:3 Penalty. – Any person or persons, firm or corporation, or the agent of any person or persons, firm or corporation who denies or interferes with the admittance to or enjoyment of the public facilities enumerated in RSA 167-D or otherwise interferes with the rights of a totally or partially blind or otherwise disabled person as provided in RSA 167-C or RSA 167-D shall be fined not more than $25.
(https://law.justia.com/codes/new-hampshire/title-xii/chapter-167-c/section-167-c-1/)
From the Driver’s Manual:
Section 11: Sharing the road
Pedestrians: Vehicle–Pedestrian collisions account for nearly 20 percent of all traffic deaths each year. Drivers must use extreme care to avoid colliding with a pedestrian, especially in areas such as school zones, bus stops, playgrounds and parks. Pedestrians are difficult to see and it is difficult to determine their intentions. Drivers should be prepared to yield to pedestrians at all times. Visually impaired and crossing the street guided by a service animal or carrying a white cane with a red tip.
Visually Impaired/Blind Pedestrians New Hampshire law requires drivers to come to a complete stop whenever a person who is carrying a white cane (the international symbol of blindness) or using a harnessed guide dog is attempting to cross a roadway. The person who is visually impaired listens to determine if a vehicle has stopped moving before proceeding into the roadway. While listening to the traffic flow and other auditory information, the visually impaired approaches an intersection and locates the best place to make a safe crossing. Drivers should be aware that the person will begin to cross the street when he or she has determined that a safe crossing can be made. Drivers must come to a complete stop and use extra caution when proceeding, and should NEVER honk the horn or yell at a person who is visually impaired.
https://www.dmv.nh.gov/sites/g/files/ehbemt416/files/inline-documents/nhdm.pdf
New Jersey
State Law:
39:4-37.1 Right-of-way crossing intersection for blind person, guide dog instructor.
1. Any blind person using as a guide a walking cane, predominantly white or metallic in color or any blind person using as a guide a seeing-eye dog or other dog trained as a guide for the blind, equipped with a rigid "U" -shaped harness such as customarily used on dog guides or any guide dog instructor engaged in instructing a guide dog shall have the right-of-way in crossing any highway or any intersection thereof, and all drivers of vehicles shall yield the right-of-way to such blind person or guide dog instructor engaged in instructing a guide dog although traffic on said highway or intersection thereof is controlled by traffic signals, anything in the motor vehicle and traffic laws of this State to the contrary notwithstanding. The failure of a blind person or guide dog instructor to comply with the provisions of this act shall not give rise to a conclusive presumption of contributory negligence by such person. The provisions of this section shall not apply where traffic is specially directed by a traffic or police officer.
https://www.lawserver.com/law/state/new-jersey/nj-laws/new_jersey_laws_39_4-37-1
Penalty:
39:4-47. Violations of article; fine
A person violating this article shall be fined not more than ten dollars ($10.00). In default of the payment thereof he shall be imprisoned in the county jail for a period not exceeding ten days.
Moneys received from fines under this article shall be accounted for and forwarded to the director and by him paid over to the State Treasurer, to be used as a fund for the repair of the improved roads throughout the State, regard being had to the repair of the most improved roads and the distribution of the benefits of this article throughout the several counties of the State.
https://law.justia.com/codes/new-jersey/title-39/section-39-4-47/
From the Driver’s Manual:
Visually Challenged Persons
The law is extremely specific that motorists must give the right-of-way when any of the following crosses any highway or intersection: blind persons who use a predominately white or metallic cane, blind persons accompanied by a guide dog, or a guide dog instructor engaged in instructing a guide dog. A motorist must stop when he/she sees a person with a white or metallic “colored” cane, or a blind person or instructor with a guide dog. All motorists must comply with this law. (N.J.S.A. 39:4-37.1)
https://www.nj.gov/mvc/pdf/license/drivermanual.pdf
New Mexico
State Law:
28-7-4. Driver to take precautions approaching blind; liability for damage
The driver of a vehicle approaching a totally or partially blind pedestrian who is carrying a cane predominantly white or metallic in color, with or without a red tip, or using a guide dog shall take all necessary precautions to avoid injury to such blind pedestrian, and any driver who fails to take such precautions shall be liable in damages for any injury caused to such pedestrian; provided that a totally blind or partially blind pedestrian not carrying such a cane or using a guide dog in any of the places, accommodations or conveyances listed herein, shall have all the rights and privileges conferred by law upon other persons, and the failure of a totally blind pedestrian to carry such a cane or to use a guide dog in any such places, accommodations or conveyances shall not be held to constitute nor be evidence of contributory negligence.
Penalty:
28-7-5. Interference with rights of blind; penalty.
A person, firm or corporation or the agent of a person, firm or corporation who denies or interferes with admittance to or enjoyment of the public facilities enumerated in Section 28-7-3 NMSA 1978 or otherwise interferes with the rights of a blind or visually impaired person or a person who has a physical disability enumerated in the White Cane Law [28-7-1 to 28-7-7 NMSA 1978] is guilty of a misdemeanor.
https://tinyurl.com/New-Mexico-White-Cane-Laws
From the Driver’s Manual:
Right-of-way: The White Cane Law, 28-7-1 NMSA (1978) enables persons who are blind, visually impaired, or who have other physical disabilities access to all roads and sidewalks. The driver of a vehicle approaching a totally or partially blind pedestrian who is carrying a cane predominantly white or metallic in color, with or without a red tip, or using a guide dog shall take all necessary precautions to avoid injury to such blind pedestrian, and any driver who fails to take such precautions shall be liable in damages for any injury caused to such pedestrian.
https://www.mvd.newmexico.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/English-Drivers-Manualver11.19.19.pdf
New York
State Law:
Section 1153. Provisions relating to blind or visually impaired persons.
(a) Notwithstanding the foregoing provisions of this article, every driver of a vehicle approaching an intersection or crosswalk shall yield the right of way to a pedestrian crossing or attempting to cross the roadway when such pedestrian is accompanied by a guide dog or using a cane which is metallic or white in color or white with a red tip.
(b) No person, unless blind or visually impaired, shall use on any street or highway a cane which is metallic or white in color or white with a red tip.
(c) This section shall not be construed as making obligatory the employment of the use of a guide dog or of a cane or walking stick of any kind by a person blind or visually impaired.
https://www.ny.gov/pedestrian-safety/additional-information#:~:text=(a)%20Notwithstanding%20the%20foregoing%20provisions,metallic%20or%20white%20in%20color
From the Driver’s Manual:
Chapter 11. Sharing the road: A special right-of-way law allows blind pedestrians to cross the road with a guide dog or a white or metallic cane. You must always give them the right-of-way when they are trying to cross at a marked or unmarked crosswalk even if the traffic signals or other right-of-way rules are not in their favor.
Pay particular attention to pedestrians accompanied by a guide dog, using a white cane or other mobility assistive devices.
https://dmv.ny.gov/brochure/mv21.pdf
North Carolina
State Law:
20-175.2. Right-of-way at crossings, intersections and traffic-control signal points; white cane or guide dog to serve as signal for the blind.
At any street, road or highway crossing or intersection, where the movement of traffic is not regulated by a traffic officer or by traffic-control signals, any blind or partially blind pedestrian shall be entitled to the right-of-way at such crossing or intersection, if such blind or partially blind pedestrian shall extend before him at arm's length a cane white in color or white tipped with red, or if such person is accompanied by a guide dog. Upon receiving such a signal, all vehicles at or approaching such intersection or crossing shall come to a full stop, leaving a clear lane through which such pedestrian may pass, and such vehicle shall remain stationary until such blind or partially blind pedestrian has completed the passage of such crossing or intersection. At any street, road or highway crossing or intersection, where the movement of traffic is regulated by traffic-control signals, blind or partially blind pedestrians shall be entitled to the right-of-way if such person having such cane or accompanied by a guide dog shall be partly across such crossing or intersection at the time the traffic-control signals change, and all vehicles shall stop and remain stationary until such pedestrian has completed passage across the intersection or crossing. (1949, c. 324, s. 2.)(https://www.ncleg.net/EnactedLegislation/Statutes/HTML/BySection/Chapter_20/GS_20-175.2.html)
Penalty:
20-177. Penalty for felony.
Any person who shall be convicted of a violation of any of the provisions of this Article herein or by the laws of this State declared to constitute a felony shall, unless a different penalty is prescribed herein or by the laws of this State, be punished as a Class I felon. http://www.ncleg.net/EnactedLegislation/Statutes/HTML/BySection/Chapter_20/GS_20-177.html
From the Driver’s Manual:
Chapter 4: Your Driving
The law gives a blind pedestrian special consideration at an intersection where there are no traffic signals when the pedestrian extends a white cane, or a white cane with a red tip or has a guide dog.
https://www.ncdot.gov/dmv/license-id/driver-licenses/new-drivers/Documents/driver-handbook.pdf
North Dakota
State Law:
25-13-03. Driver of motor vehicle - Precaution - Individual with service animal. If the driver of a motor vehicle approaches an individual who is blind or visually impaired and who is carrying a cane predominately white or metallic in color, with or without a red tip, or who is accompanied by a service animal, the driver shall take all reasonable precautions to avoid injury to the individual and the service animal. Any driver who fails to take reasonable precautions is liable to the individual for any injury caused. An individual who is blind or visually impaired and not carrying a cane or an individual with a disability who is not accompanied by a service animal has all of the rights and privileges conferred by law upon other individuals. The failure of an individual who is blind or visually impaired to carry a cane or the failure of an individual with a disability to be accompanied by a service animal is not by itself evidence of fault.
Penalty:
25-13-04. Penalty for interfering or denying use of facilities. Any person who denies or interferes with admittance to or enjoyment of the public places or facilities enumerated in section 25-13-02 or otherwise interferes with the rights of an individual Page No. 1 who is blind or visually impaired, or with the rights of an individual who is accompanied by a service animal, is guilty of a class A misdemeanor. This section does not apply to a denial of admission under section 25-13-02.1. 25-13-05.
From the Driver’s Manual:
Pedestrians carrying white canes or with guide dogs are blind or have greatly reduced vision. Just as in other pedestrian situations, motorists are required to yield or stop for anyone who may have begun crossing a street. When stopping at an intersection, be sure to stop behind the crosswalk to allow the visually-impaired traveler an unobstructed path. At times the person who is blind may choose to wait for optimal traffic conditions. The key to safety is based on careful observance of the pedestrian and common courtesy. Motorists and pedestrians should not distract a guide dog in any way. These friendly, intelligent dogs must focus on the commands of their owner.
https://www.dot.nd.gov/sites/www/files/documents/Drivers%20-%20documents/noncommercial-manual.pdf
Ohio
State Law and penalty:
4511.47 Right-of-way of blind person.
(A) As used in this section "blind person" or "blind pedestrian" means a person having not more than 20/200 visual acuity in the better eye with correcting lenses or visual acuity greater than 20/200 but with a limitation in the fields of vision such that the widest diameter of the visual field subtends an angle no greater than twenty degrees.
The driver of every vehicle shall yield the right of way to every blind pedestrian guided by a guide dog, or carrying a cane which is predominantly white or metallic in color, with or without a red tip.
(B) No person, other than a blind person, while on any public highway, street, alley, or other public thoroughfare shall carry a white or metallic cane with or without a red tip.
(C) Except as otherwise provided in this division, whoever violates this section is guilty of a minor misdemeanor. If, within one year of the offense, the offender previously has been convicted of or pleaded guilty to one predicate motor vehicle or traffic offense, whoever violates this section is guilty of a misdemeanor of the fourth degree. If, within one year of the offense, the offender previously has been convicted of two or more predicate motor vehicle or traffic offenses, whoever violates this section is guilty of a misdemeanor of the third degree.
If the offender commits the offense while distracted and the distracting activity is a contributing factor to the commission of the offense, the offender is subject to the additional fine established under section 4511.991 of the Revised Code.
From the Driver’s Manual:
Section 9: Sharing the Road
Pedestrians can be difficult to see, and it may be difficult to determine their intentions. Pedestrians don't always obey traffic signals or walk in marked crosswalks, so as a driver, you must yield to pedestrians.
Caution: Pedestrians who are visually impaired or blind (carrying a white cane or using a guide dog have the right-of-way.
https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/publicsafety.ohio.gov/hsy7607.pdf
Oklahoma
State Law and
Section 7-12. Duty of drivers of vehicles.
Any driver of a vehicle who knowingly approaches within fifteen (15) feet of a person who is in the roadway or at an intersection and who is wholly or partially blind and who is carrying a cane or walking stick white in color, or white tipped with red, or who is using a dog guide wearing a specialized harness, or who is wholly or partially deaf and is using a signal dog wearing an orange identifying collar, or who is physically handicapped and is using a service dog, shall immediately come to a full stop and take such precautions before proceeding as may be necessary to avoid accident or injury to the person wholly or partially blind, deaf or physically handicapped. For purposes of this section, a "dog guide" means any dog that is specially trained to guide a blind person.
https://law.justia.com/codes/oklahoma/title-7/section-7-12/
Penalty:
Section 7 13. Penalty.
Any person, other than a person wholly or partially blind, who shall carry a cane or walking stick such as is described in this act, contrary to the provisions of this act, or who shall violate any of the provisions of this act shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and upon conviction thereof shall be punished by imprisonment in the county jail not exceeding three (3) months, or by fine not exceeding One Hundred Dollars ($100.00), or by both such fine and imprisonment.
https://law.justia.com/codes/oklahoma/title-7/section-7-13/
From the Driver’s Manual:
Sharing the road: You Must Yield to Blind Persons
Drivers must give the right-of-way to any blind person crossing the street. Blind pedestrians will normally have a guide dog or will be using a cane. The cane may be all white, white with a red tip or chrome. The person will tap it on the pavement ahead.
The law says you should:
- Stop immediately and let the person pass.
- Stop outside the crosswalk, not in the crosswalk.
- A vehicle must stop 15 feet from a blind person in the roadway or at an intersection
https://oklahoma.gov/content/dam/service-oklahoma/Documents/OklahomaDriverManual2023.pdf
Oregon
State Law:
Section 811.035 Failure to stop and remain stopped for pedestrian who is blind
(1) The driver of a vehicle commits the offense of failure to stop and remain stopped for a pedestrian who is blind if the driver violates any of the following:
(a) A driver approaching a pedestrian who is blind or blind and deaf, who is carrying a white cane or accompanied by a dog guide, and who is crossing or about to cross a roadway, shall stop and remain stopped until the pedestrian has crossed the roadway.
(b) Where the movement of vehicular traffic is regulated by traffic control devices, a driver approaching a pedestrian who is blind or blind and deaf shall stop and remain stopped until the pedestrian has vacated the roadway if the pedestrian has entered the roadway and is carrying a white cane or is accompanied by a dog guide. This paragraph applies notwithstanding any other provisions of the vehicle code relating to traffic control devices.
(2) This section is subject to the provisions and definitions relating to the rights of pedestrians who are blind or blind and deaf under ORS 814.110 (Rights for persons who are blind or who are blind and deaf).
(3) For the purposes of this section, a pedestrian is crossing the roadway when any part or extension of the pedestrian, including but not limited to any part of the pedestrians body, wheelchair, cane, crutch, bicycle or leashed animal, moves onto the roadway with the intent to proceed.
(4) The offense described in this section, failure to stop and remain stopped for a pedestrian who is blind, is a Class B traffic violation.
(https://oregon.public.law/statutes/ors_811.035)
Penalty:
153.018 Schedule of penalties; distribution of proceeds.
(1) The penalty for committing a violation is a fine. The law creating a violation may impose other penalties in addition to a fine but may not impose a term of imprisonment.
(2) Except as provided in this section, a sentence to pay a fine for a violation shall be a sentence to pay an amount not exceeding:
(b) $300 for a Class B violation.
https://oregon.public.law/statutes/ors_153.018
From the Driver’s Manual:
White Canes and Guide Dogs
You must give the right of way to a pedestrian with limited vision or any pedestrian who is blind or deaf and blind carrying a white cane or using a guide dog. Stop if the person is about to cross or is crossing the road. Remain stopped until the person has crossed the entire road, even if you have a green light
https://www.oregon.gov/odot/forms/dmv/37.pdf
Pennsylvania
State Law and Penalty:
Section 3549. Blind pedestrians.
(a) General rule.--The driver of a vehicle shall yield the right-of-way to any totally or partially blind pedestrian carrying a clearly visible white cane or accompanied by a guide dog and shall take such precautions as may be necessary to avoid injuring or endangering the pedestrian and, if necessary, shall stop the vehicle in order to prevent injury or danger to the pedestrian.
(b) Effect of absence of cane or dog.--This section shall not be construed to deprive a totally or partially blind pedestrian not carrying a cane or not being guided by a dog of the rights and privileges conferred by law upon pedestrians crossing streets or highways, nor shall the failure of a totally or partially blind pedestrian to carry a cane or to be guided by a guide dog upon the streets, highways or sidewalks of this Commonwealth be held to constitute contributory negligence in and of itself.
(c) Penalty.--A violation of subsection (a) constitutes a summary offense punishable by a fine of not less than $50 nor more than $150.
https://tinyurl.com/Penn-White-Cane-Penalty
From the Driver’s Manual:
Blind Pedestrians
When driving near a blind pedestrian who is carrying a white cane or walking with a guide dog, you must slow down, always yield the right-of-way and then proceed with caution. Be prepared to stop your vehicle in order to prevent injury or danger to the pedestrian.
Rhode Island
State Law:
Section 31-18-14 - Full stop for pedestrian with guide dog or white cane
Whenever a pedestrian is crossing or attempting to cross a public street or highway guided by a seeing-eye guide dog or a hearing-ear signal dog clearly identified as such by a yellow harness, which has been trained and educated to guide and assist the pedestrian in traveling upon the public streets; or carrying in a raised or extended position a cane or walking stick which is white in color or white tipped with red, the driver of every vehicle approaching the intersection, or place where the pedestrian is attempting to cross, shall bring his or her vehicle to a full stop before arriving at the intersection or place of crossing, and before proceeding shall take any precautions that may be necessary to avoid injuring the pedestrian.
Penalty:
Section 31-18-16.1 Failure to stop on red signal for blind person at intersection
Any person who shall violate the provisions of Section 31-13-6(3)(i) at an intersection where a pedestrian is crossing or attempting to cross a public street or highway guided by a seeing-eye dog or a hearing-ear signal dog, clearly identified by a yellow harness, which has been trained and educated to guide and assist the pedestrian in traveling upon the public streets, or carrying in a raised or extended position a cane or walking stick which is white in color or white tipped with red, shall be fined not less than five hundred dollars ($500) nor more than one thousand dollars ($1,000).
https://casetext.com/statute/general-laws-of-rhode-island/title-31-motor-and-other-vehicles/chapter-31-18-pedestrians/section-31-18-16-penalty-for-violations-as-to-people-who-are-blind
From the Driver’s Manual:
Pedestrians with a Visual Impairment
Use extra caution when approaching a pedestrian with a visual impairment. Pedestrians who are visually impaired may use a white cane or a guide dog to assist them traveling along or across a street. Fines for failing to yield to pedestrians with a visual impairment may result in a fine up to $1,000. When a pedestrian is using a white cane or a guide dog while crossing or attempting to cross the street ahead of you, you must bring your vehicle to a complete stop before arriving at the intersection and yield the right-of-way to the pedestrian. Pedestrians who are visually impaired use the sound of traffic (including your engine) as a guide in determining when it is safe to cross a street, so never assume they will expect you to make a right turn on a red light at an intersection after stopping. Always be alert for pedestrians who are visually impaired, particularly if you are driving an electric or hybrid vehicle that is quieter than most other vehicles on the road.
https://dmv.ri.gov/licenses-permits-ids/permits-tests/operator-manuals
South Carolina
State Law:
SECTION 43-33-30.Duty of driver approaching blind pedestrian; failure of blind pedestrian to carry white cane or use guide dog.
The driver of a vehicle approaching a totally or partially blind pedestrian who is carrying a cane predominantly white or metallic in color (with or without a red tip) or approaching a handicapped pedestrian using an assistance dog shall take all necessary precautions to avoid injury to the pedestrian. Any driver who fails to take these precautions is liable in damages for any injury caused the pedestrian. A totally or partially blind pedestrian not carrying a cane or a handicapped pedestrian not using an assistance dog in any of the places, accommodations, or conveyances listed in Section 43-33-20, has all the rights and privileges conferred by law upon other persons. The failure of a totally or partially blind pedestrian to carry a cane or the failure of a handicapped pedestrian to use an assistance dog in any of these places, accommodations, or conveyances does not constitute negligence.
https://tinyurl.com/South-Carolina-White-Cane-Law
Penalty:
SECTION 43-33-40.Unlawful interference with rights of blind or other physically disabled person.
(A) It is unlawful for a person or his agent to:
(1) deny or interfere with admittance to or enjoyment of the public facilities enumerated in Section 43-33-20; or
(2) interfere with the rights of a totally or partially blind or disabled person under Section 43-33-20.
(B) A person who violates the provisions of this section is guilty of a misdemeanor and, upon conviction, must be fined in the discretion of the court or imprisoned not more than three years, or both.
From the Driver’s Manual:
Pedestrians:
Pedestrians are difficult to see and it is difficult to determine their intentions.
As a driver:
You must always yield the right-of-way to persons who are visually impaired. When a pedestrian is crossing a street guided by a dog or carrying a white cane, you must come to a complete stop.
https://www.scdmvonline.com/-/media/Files/Driver-Manual.ashx
South Dakota
State Law:
32-27-7. Duty of motorist to stop for pedestrian carrying cane or guided by dog--Violation as misdemeanor.
Whenever a pedestrian is crossing or attempting to cross a public street or highway, guided by a guide dog or carrying in a raised or extended position a cane or walking stick which is white in color or white tipped with red, the driver of every vehicle approaching the intersection, or place where such pedestrian is attempting to cross, shall bring his vehicle to a full stop before arriving at such intersection or place of crossing, and before proceeding shall take such precautions as may be necessary to avoid injuring such pedestrian. A violation of this section is a Class 2 misdemeanor.
https://sdlegislature.gov/Statutes/32-27-7
Penalty:
22-6-2 Misdemeanor classes and penalties—Restitution—Misdemeanor when no penalty imposed
(2) Class 2 misdemeanor: thirty days imprisonment in a county jail or five hundred dollars fine, or both.
https://sdlegislature.gov/Statutes/32-27-8
From the Driver’s Manual:
Space for Dangerous Situations
There are certain drivers and other road users you should give extra room to. Some are listed here.
Those who cannot see you–Anyone who cannot see you may enter your path without knowing you are there. Those who could have trouble seeing you include:
- Drivers at intersections or driveways whose view is blocked by buildings, trees, or other vehicles
- Drivers backing into the roadway or backing into/pulling out of parking spaces
- Drivers whose windows are covered with snow/ice or are steamed-up
- Pedestrians with umbrellas in front of their faces or with their hats pulled down
- Pedestrians with white canes and/or dog guides
Pedestrians
Pedestrians are difficult to see, and it is difficult to determine their intentions.
As a driver:
Always yield the right-of-way to persons who are visually impaired. When a pedestrian is crossing a street guided by a dog or carrying a white cane, come to a complete stop.
https://dps.sd.gov/application/files/4917/3386/7682/2024-car-manual.pdf
Tennessee
State Law:
55-8-180. Blind persons
(a) Whenever any pedestrian guided by a guide dog or dog on a blaze orange leash, or carrying in any raised or extended position a cane or similar stick white in color or white tipped with red, shall undertake to cross any public street or thoroughfare in this state, the driver of each and every vehicle approaching that pedestrian carrying the cane or stick or conducted by such dog shall bring such vehicle to a complete stop and before proceeding shall take all precautions necessary to avoid injuring the pedestrian; provided, that nothing in this section shall be construed as making any person totally or partially blind or otherwise incapacitated guilty of contributory negligence in undertaking to cross any street or thoroughfare without being guided by a trained dog or carrying a cane or stick of the type specified in subsection (a).
(b) A violation of this section is a Class C misdemeanor.
https://tinyurl.com/Tennessee-White-Cane-Law
Penalty:
(3) Class C misdemeanor, not greater than thirty (30) days or a fine not to exceed fifty dollars ($50.00), or both, unless otherwise provided by statute.
https://law.justia.com/codes/tennessee/title-40/chapter-35/part-1/section-40-35-111/
From the Driver’s Manual:
1. Yield to pedestrians crossing the road or your path of travel:
When a blind or visually impaired pedestrian using a guide dog or carrying a cane, which is white in color or white with red tip, or a hearing impaired person with a dog on a blaze orange leash, is crossing any portion of the roadway, even if not at an intersection or crosswalk. Take special precautions as may be necessary to avoid accident or injury to the pedestrian. Stop at least 10 feet away until the person is off the roadway. Do not use your horn, as it could startle the blind pedestrian.
https://www.tn.gov/content/dam/tn/safety/documents/DL_Manual.pdf
Texas
State Law and Penalty:
Section 552.010. Blind Pedestrians.
a) No person may carry a white cane on a public street or highway unless the person is totally or partially blind.
(b) The driver of a vehicle approaching an intersection or crosswalk where a pedestrian guided by an assistance animal or carrying a white cane is crossing or attempting to cross shall take necessary precautions to avoid injuring or endangering the pedestrian. The driver shall bring the vehicle to a full stop if injury or danger can be avoided only by that action.
(c) If it is shown on the trial of an offense under this section that as a result of the commission of the offense a collision occurred causing serious bodily injury or death to a blind person, the offense is a misdemeanor punishable by:
(1) a fine of not more than $500; and
(2) 30 hours of community service to an organization or agency that primarily serves visually impaired or disabled persons, to be completed in not less than six months and not more than one year.
(c-1) A portion of the community service required under Subsection (c)(2) shall include sensitivity training.
(d) For the purposes of this section:
(1) "Assistance animal" has the meaning assigned by Section 121.002, Human Resources Code.
(2) "White cane" has the meaning assigned by Section 121.002, Human Resources Code.
(e) If conduct constituting an offense under this section also constitutes an offense under another section of this code or the Penal Code, the actor may be prosecuted under either section or both sections.
From the Driver’s Manual:
Laws and Safety Tips for Pedestrains
Be alert to a pedestrian guided by an assistance animal or carrying a white cane. A driver shall take the necessary precautions to avoid injuring or endangering a pedestrian crossing or attempting to cross the street. The driver shall bring the vehicle to a full stop if injury or danger can only be avoided by that action. Remember the white cane indicates the person may be blind, partially blind, or disabled.
Watch for individuals who are blind at bus stops, intersections, business areas, and near schools for the blind.
https://www.dps.texas.gov/internetforms/forms/dl-7.pdf
Utah
State Law:
41-6a-1007 Operators to yield right-of-way to blind pedestrian -- Duties of blind pedestrian -- Use of cane -- Failure to yield -- Liability.
(1) (a) The operator of a vehicle shall yield the right-of-way to a blind or visually impaired pedestrian: Utah Code Page 3
(i) carrying a clearly visible white cane; or
(ii) accompanied by a guide dog specially trained for that purpose and equipped with a harness.
(b) (i) Except as provided in Subsection (1)(b)(ii), a person who fails to yield the right-of-way is liable for any loss or damage which results as a proximate cause of the failure to yield the right-of-way to blind or visually impaired persons.
(ii) Blind or visually impaired persons shall:
(A) exercise due care in approaching and crossing roadways; and
(B) yield the right-of-way to authorized emergency vehicles giving an audible warning signal. (2) A pedestrian other than a blind or visually impaired person may not carry a cane as described in Subsection (1).
https://le.utah.gov/xcode/Title41/Chapter6A/C41-6a-P10_1800010118000101.pdf
Penalty:
or any class B or class C misdemeanor or any infraction listed as “Mandatory Appearance,” the court may allow a defendant to voluntarily remit the fine and other penalties in lieu of appearance, unless the charge: 1. is a domestic violence offense; 2. is a DUI or driving with measurable controlled substance offense; or 3. appears to affect a victim or requires restitution. For all other infractions, the court may allow the defendant to voluntarily remit the fine and other penalties in lieu of appearance.
https://legacy.utcourts.gov/rules/appendices/Appendix_C/Uniform_Fine_Schedule.pdf
From the Driver’s Manual:
G. Pedestrians
A driver must yield to all pedestrians, even if they are not in a marked or unmarked crosswalk. Be aware of pedestrians crossing at mid-block crosswalks. They may not be marked by warning signs and road markings. Always yield to the visually impaired. When a pedestrian is crossing a street with a guide dog or carrying a white cane, you must come to a complete stop. If the traffic light is green, you must yield to pedestrians.
https://dld.utah.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/17/2024/09/Driver-Handbook-2024-Compressed.pdf
Vermont
State Law:
Title 23 Section 1057- Duty toward persons who are blind
(a) Whenever a pedestrian is crossing or attempting to cross a public street or highway, guided by a guide dog or carrying in a raised or extended position a cane or walking stick, white in color or white tipped with red, the driver of every vehicle approaching the intersection, or place where the pedestrian is attempting to cross, shall bring his or her vehicle to a full stop before arriving at the intersection or place of crossing and before proceeding shall take such precautions as may be necessary to avoid injuring the pedestrian.
(b) It is unlawful for any person, unless totally or partially blind or otherwise having a severe visual disability, while on any public street or highway, to carry in a raised or extended position a cane or walking stick that is white in color or white tipped with red.
(c) Nothing in this section deprives any person who is totally or partially blind or otherwise has a severe visual disability, not carrying a cane or walking stick and not being guided by a dog, of the rights and privileges conferred by law upon pedestrians crossing streets or highways, and the failure of any person who is totally or partially blind or otherwise has a severe visual disability to carry a cane or walking stick, or to be guided by a guide dog upon streets, highways, or sidewalks within this State, does not constitute and is not evidence of contributory negligence.
From the Driver’s Manual:
Use extra caution when approaching a blind pedestrian. When a pedestrian who has a white cane or is being led by a guide dog is crossing or waiting to cross the street ahead of you, you must stop and yield the right-of-way.
https://dmv.vermont.gov/sites/dmv/files/documents/VN-007-Drivers_Manual.pdf
Virginia
State Law:
Section 46.2-933. When vehicles to stop for pedestrian guided by dog or carrying white, red-tipped white, or metallic cane.
Whenever a totally or partially blind pedestrian crossing or attempting to cross a highway in accordance with the provisions of § 46.2-923 is guided by a dog guide or carrying a cane which is predominantly metallic or white in color, with or without a red tip, the driver of every vehicle approaching the intersection or place of crossing shall bring his vehicle to a full stop before arriving at such intersection or place of crossing, unless such intersection or place of crossing is controlled by a law-enforcement officer or traffic light. Any person violating any provision of this section shall be guilty of a Class 3 misdemeanor.
Penalty:
18.2-11. Punishment for conviction of misdemeanor.
The authorized punishments for conviction of a misdemeanor are:
(c) For Class 3 misdemeanors, a fine of not more than $500.
https://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/title18.2/chapter1/section18.2-11/
From the Driver’s Manual:
Drivers are required to come to a full stop for a pedestrian using a cane or guide dog, as this indicates blindness or vision impairment. Remember that the elderly and people with disabilities may move slowly
https://www.dmv.virginia.gov/sites/default/files/forms/dmv39.pdf
Washington
State Law and Penalty:
RCW 70.84.040
Precautions for drivers of motor vehicles approaching a wheelchair user or pedestrian who is using a white cane, dog guide, or service animal.
The driver of a vehicle approaching a totally or partially blind pedestrian who is carrying a cane predominantly white in color (with or without a red tip), a totally or partially blind or hearing impaired pedestrian using a dog guide, a person with physical disabilities using a service animal, or a person with a disability using a wheelchair or a power wheelchair as defined in RCW 46.04.415 shall take all necessary precautions to avoid injury to such pedestrian or wheelchair user. Any driver who fails to take such precaution shall be liable in damages for any injury caused such pedestrian or wheelchair user. It shall be unlawful for the operator of any vehicle to drive into or upon any crosswalk while there is on such crosswalk such pedestrian or wheelchair user crossing or attempting to cross the roadway, if such pedestrian or wheelchair user is using a white cane, using a dog guide, using a service animal, or using a wheelchair or a power wheelchair as defined in RCW 46.04.415. The failure of any such pedestrian or wheelchair user so to signal shall not deprive him or her of the right-of-way accorded him or her by other laws.
http://apps.leg.wa.gov/rcw/default.aspx?cite=70.84.040
From the Driver’s Manual:
Drivers must take all necessary precautions to avoid injury when approaching users of wheelchairs, power wheelchairs, white canes, and guide dogs or service animals. Drivers who fail to take such precautions may be liable in damages for any injury caused to users of these devices.
Pedestrians using a guide dog or other service animal or carrying a white cane have absolute right-of-way. It is unlawful to interfere with or distract a service animal. Do not use your horn as it could confuse or frighten the pedestrian or the service animal.
https://dol.wa.gov/media/pdf/61/driverguide-enpdf/download?inline
West Virginia
State Law:
77.08 PROTECTION OF BLIND PEDESTRIANS.
The driver of a vehicle approaching a blind pedestrian who knows, or in the exercise of reasonable care should know, that such pedestrian is blind because such pedestrian is carrying a cane predominantly white or metallic in color with or without a red tip, or is using a guide dog or otherwise, shall exercise care commensurate with the situation to avoid injuring such pedestrian.
Penalty:
Section 77.99 PENALTY.
Whoever violates any provision of this chapter, for which no other penalty is provided, shall be fined not more than $100; upon a second conviction within one year thereafter shall be fined not more than $200; and upon a third or subsequent conviction, shall be fined not more than $500.
https://codelibrary.amlegal.com/codes/kingwoodwv/latest/kingwood_wv/0-0-0-2940
From the Driver’s Manual:
Crosswalk Signals
Be aware of crosswalks at intersections and in school zones. These are indicators that you are in a high pedestrian traffic zone. Being especially alert for pedestrians in these places will reduce the risk of crashes. A blind person who is on foot and using a guide dog or other service animal, or is carrying a white cane or walking stick, has the right-of-way on a highway, street, or road regardless of whether they are in a crosswalk or not.
Sharing the Road with Pedestrians
Remember, pedestrians have the right of way when: They are blind and are crossing the street with a white or metal cane, with or without a red tip, or led by a guide dog
https://transportation.wv.gov/DMV/DMVFormSearch/Drivers_Licensing_Handbook_web.pdf
Wisconsin
State Law:
346.26 Blind pedestrian on highway.
(1) An operator of a vehicle shall stop the vehicle before approaching closer than 10 feet to a pedestrian who is carrying a cane or walking stick which is white in color or white trimmed with red and which is held in an extended or raised position or who is using a service animal, as defined in s. 106.52 (1) (fm), and shall take such precautions as may be necessary to avoid accident or injury to the pedestrian. The fact that the pedestrian may be violating any of the laws applicable to pedestrians does not relieve the operator of a vehicle from the duties imposed by this subsection.
(2) Nothing in this section shall be construed to deprive any totally or partially blind person not carrying the white or the red and white cane or walking stick or not using a service animal, as defined in s. 106.52 (1) (fm), of the rights of other pedestrians crossing highways, nor shall the failure of such totally or partially blind pedestrian to carry such cane or walking stick or to use a service animal be evidence of any negligence.
(3) No person who is not totally or partially blind shall carry or use on any street, highway or other public place any cane or walking stick which is white in color, or white trimmed with red.
https://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/statutes/statutes/346/IV/26
Penalty:
346.30 Penalty for violating sections 346.23 to 346.29.
(3) Any person violating s. 346.26 may be required to forfeit not less than $25 nor more than $200 for the first offense and may be required to forfeit not less than $50 nor more than $500 for the 2nd or subsequent conviction within a year.
https://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/statutes/statutes/346/IV/29 (Scroll down to 346.30 (3).)
From the Driver’s Manual:
Section 3A: The Basics: Right of way
You should yield the right-of-way to: Pedestrians using a guide dog or carrying a white cane (even if they are no in the intersection). Stop at least ten feet away until the person is off the roadway.
https://wisconsindot.gov/documents/dmv/shared/bds126-motorists-handbook.pdf
Wyoming
State Law and Liability:
Section 31-5-611: Blind pedestrian right-of-way
The driver of a vehicle shall yield the right-of-way to any blind pedestrian carrying a clearly visible white cane or accompanied by a guide dog.
https://tinyurl.com/Wyoming-White-Cane-Law
From the Driver’s Manual:
Right of way to pedestrians
The driver and the pedestrian are both responsible for traffic safety. Statutes require a driver to give the right of way or yield to a pedestrian: When a blind pedestrian is carrying a clearly visible white cane or is accompanied by a guide dog.
Required stops
You must always stop your vehicle: When a blind pedestrian is carrying a clearly visible white cane or is accompanied by a guide dog.
https://tinyurl.com/Wyoming-Driver-Manual-Law
This webpage was last updated on March 13, 2025.